Transition to Adulthood – Theories (Chapt. 4, pg 98-107)

1. Transition to Adulthood – Theories (Chapt. 4, pg 98-107) Erik Erikson's Eight Stages of Life Jane Loevinger's Theory of Ego Development The Family Life Cycle Daniel Levinson's Theory of the Seasons of Life Klaus Riegal's Interpretation of Development Leonard Pearlin's Theory of Psychological Distress

2. To Do: Brainstorm about the physical, emotional, and social developmental milestones of human beings. On a piece of newsprint, draw a timeline that begins with birth and ends with death.

3. Theories Is each milestone is physical, emotional, social, or a combination? Psychologists have studied the relationships between these milestones of human aging and emotional and social development. They have developed theories about how personalities develop.

4. Erik Erikson Danish-German-American Developmental Psychologist) -Erikson coined the term “identity crisis” -8 stages in which an individuals identity emerges -at each stage a person is faced with something they must overcome (a dilemma) -their biological and social clock pushes them through the dilemma they are faced with -failure to resolve the dilemma suggests some problems later in life -theory of Psychosocial Development

5. Erikson's Dilemmas of Youth and Later Life Identity vs Role Confusion ( 12 – 18 years) -define who he/she is an d what he/she will be in the future -in resolving this they develop fidelity Intimacy vs Isolation (19 – 40 Years) -the ability to merge your identity with someone else, without losing yourself -in resolving this they develop love -women may develop identity and intimacy together velop the ability to care

6. Generativity vs Stagnation (40 – 65 Years) -how to contribute to society -create and nurture things that outlast them -failure will result in a shallow involvement in the world Ego Integrity and Despair (65 Years to Death) - feel a sense of fulfillment, wisdom -with failure you are left feeling despair and bitter

7. Jane Loevinger Ego (understanding of self) development Full ego development is having an autonomous self – being a self reliant person and understanding and respecting others as unique Few adults achieve full ego dev't Young adults are between conformist and conscientious stage Require a sense of self before they can form intimate relationships with others.

8. Family Life Cycle Parents and children must separate from one another so that adults can accept emotional responsibility for themselves. Three tasks must occur in order for young adults to become self sufficient. 1) individuation - separation from family of origin. What you will take, leave behind and create for themselves 2) young adults must develop new and intimate relationships 3) young adults must make their first commitment to a career or workplace

9. Daniel Levinson -Adults begin to prepare a life structure -adults form a dream - individuals sense of self in an adult world 4 Tasks must be developed from age 22 - 28 1) A Dream 2) mentor relationships 3) an occupation 4) from love relationships People re-evaluate their life structures between 28 - 33 years

10. Klaus Riegal Change occurs when a change in one dimension requires an adjustment in one or more or the other dimensions (psychological, biological, sociological, and environmental)

11. Leonard Pearlin Development can be unique to each individual yet appear to occur in a common pattern. Four elements determine the path that an individual will take: 1) individual characteristics - gender, race, intelligence, family 2) skills for coping with stress 3) social support networks 4) timing of stress