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地理信息系统（ GIS ）基础

地理信息系统（ GIS ）基础. Guoping Huang Center for Geographic Analysis Harvard University 黄国平 哈佛大学地理研究中心 2010. 9. 1. Rome Reborn. Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities, University of Virginia http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/election/2008/.

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地理信息系统（ GIS ）基础

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  1. 地理信息系统（GIS）基础 Guoping Huang Center for Geographic Analysis Harvard University 黄国平 哈佛大学地理研究中心 2010. 9. 1

  2. Rome Reborn Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities, University of Virginia http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/election/2008/

  3. Digital Atlas of Roman and Medieval Civilizations (DARMC) Darmc.harvard.edu

  4. 什么是地理信息系统（GIS）? • Geographic Information System • Geography 地理 • Information 信息 • System 系统

  5. What is GIS? • GIS (Geographic Information System) is a System of computer software, hardware and data, and personnel to help manipulate, analyze and present information that is tied to a spatial location. 地理信息系统是一个由计算机软件、硬件、数据和操作人员组成的综合系统，用来对含有空间位置信息的数据进行操作、分析和表现。

  6. Geographic Data 空间数据

  7. Descriptive Data 描述性数据 Chris Buhi 1757 Millbrook Ln 28226 Y 2 C 中山路1761号 28226 Y 1 Chris McGuire 1765 Millbrook Ln 28226 Y 2 Dale Loberger 1776 Millbrook Ln 28226 N 6 D 中山路180号 28226 Y 2 Doug Ruppel 1537 Sandberry Dr 28226 Y 1 Gary Waters 1541 Sandberry Dr 28226 Y 3 Holly Williams 1200 Yamasee Dr 28210 Y 4 Jim Wojcik 980 Harrowfield Rd 28226 N 1 Jo-Ann Brown 1812 Millbrook Ln 28226 N 2 Joe Rubisch 1090 Overhill Dr 28112 Y 4 Larry Young 1108 Kings Canyon Dr 28226 Y 3 Lee Ross 1605 Bosham Ln 28226 Y 2 Marcia Austin 1429 Quail Wood Dr 28226 Y 2 Mary Jo Fraley 1432 Quail Wood Dr 28226 Y 1 Mike Dyer 1430 Quail Wood Dr 28226 Y 3 Mike Rhoades 1332 Cameron Forest Dr 28173 Y 3 Mike Sweeney 1327 Red Hickory Ln 28173 Y 2 Paul Gallimore 1429 Buckeye Ct 28173 Y 2

  8. Geographic Information 地理化信息 D 中山路1780号 Y 2 .ancaster 中山路 C 中山路1761号 Y 1 Chris McGuire 1765 Millbrook Ln Y

  9. Why learn about GIS 为什么学习GIS Be a GI Scientist 地理学家 Be a GIS professional 地理信息专业人员 Use GIS as a tool to enhance learning of other subjects 用GIS作为一种工具应用于其他方面

  10. 空间信息的矢量表达方式 • 点: a pair of x and y coordinates • 线: a series of points connected together • 面: a line enclosed from end to end 例子: 点：城市 线：道路 面：行政区

  11. Raster Representation of Geographic Features 空间数据的栅格化表达方式 • Point - one pixel • Line - a number of neighboring pixels strung out in a given direction • Polygon - an aggregation of neighboring pixels

  12. Each data layer contains 2 kinds of information:数据图层中包含的两种信息： • Spatial information –location and shape of the geographic features 空间信息-位置和形状 • Attribute information –other characteristics of the features 属性信息- 其他属性和特性

  13. Geographic Data 空间数据

  14. Descriptive Data 描述性数据 Chris Buhi 1757 Millbrook Ln 28226 Y 2 C 中山路1761号 28226 Y 1 Chris McGuire 1765 Millbrook Ln 28226 Y 2 Dale Loberger 1776 Millbrook Ln 28226 N 6 D 中山路180号 28226 Y 2 Doug Ruppel 1537 Sandberry Dr 28226 Y 1 Gary Waters 1541 Sandberry Dr 28226 Y 3 Holly Williams 1200 Yamasee Dr 28210 Y 4 Jim Wojcik 980 Harrowfield Rd 28226 N 1 Jo-Ann Brown 1812 Millbrook Ln 28226 N 2 Joe Rubisch 1090 Overhill Dr 28112 Y 4 Larry Young 1108 Kings Canyon Dr 28226 Y 3 Lee Ross 1605 Bosham Ln 28226 Y 2 Marcia Austin 1429 Quail Wood Dr 28226 Y 2 Mary Jo Fraley 1432 Quail Wood Dr 28226 Y 1 Mike Dyer 1430 Quail Wood Dr 28226 Y 3 Mike Rhoades 1332 Cameron Forest Dr 28173 Y 3 Mike Sweeney 1327 Red Hickory Ln 28173 Y 2 Paul Gallimore 1429 Buckeye Ct 28173 Y 2

  15. Geographic Information 地理化信息 D 中山路1780号 Y 2 .ancaster 中山路 C 中山路1761号 Y 1 Chris McGuire 1765 Millbrook Ln Y

  16. Basic GIS data formats 基本格式 Tabular Attributes属性表 Points点 Lines线 Raster栅格 Pixels像素 Polygons面 GIS Data 地理信息数据 Spatial Features 空间要素 Points点 Vector矢量 Lines 线 Polygons 面 Tabular Attributes属性表

  17. Road Networks 道路网络 Geology地质 Topography地形 Survey Data 测绘数据 Land Use 土地利用 Imagery 图像 Environmental 环境 Biology 生物 Social Factors 社会因素 Integration of GIS Data Layer地理信息图层的综合

  18. Location - spatial registration of geographic features (where on earth). 位置 – 地理要素的空间位置 Attribute - tabular information associated with geographic features (what, when). 属性 – 与地理要素相关的属性表单 Topology - spatial relationship among geographic features (how, what is connected to what, what is next to what) 拓扑 – 地理要素的空间关系 Uniqueness of GIS data 地理数据的独特性

  19. What GIS Can Do for You?GIS能做什么？ • Explore – see and interpret spatial relationships 探索 – 了解和解释空间关系 • Analyze – create new information and find hidden patterns 分析 – 获得新的信息，发现潜在的模式 • Present results 呈现和表达结果

  20. Visualization: many different ways视觉表现的不同方式 • Maps digital, web 地图，网络地图和电子地图 • Tables database driven 数据库支持的表单 • Charts auto update 自动更新的图表 • Reports embedded 内置的报告 • Photos linked 链接的图片等多媒体 • 3-D animation 3D动画 • Multi-media presentation 多媒体表达

  21. Demo: ArcMap and ArcCatalog

  22. Spatial Data in a GIS 地理信息系统中空间数据的特点 • Themes (data layers) can be displayed in any combination 数据图层可以随意叠加展示 • Scales are flexible (zoom in and out). 比例是可变的 • Map extend is flexible (pan to adjacent areas). 地图范围是可变的 • Symbology can be changed systematically, and based on attributes. 图例是可以修改的，可以根据属性数据生成图例 • Labels/annotations can be dynamic, and attribute driven. 标注是动态的，可以由属性数据生成

  23. Data View 数据窗 Data Frame 数据框 Layer & group layer 图层 Symbology 图例 Tabular data 表单 Labels 动态标签 Annotation 地图标注 Map Layout View 地图排版窗 Data view Legend 图例 Scale bar 比例尺 North Arrow 指北针 Map Title 地图名 Other 其他 Data source Disclaimer Author Date Spatial Data Display in ArcGIS

  24. Layers 数据图层 • Control how data is displayed 控制数据是如何展现的 • Reference source data sets such as shapefiles, feature classes, images, etc. 指向原文件，但不修改破坏原文件 • Displayed in the Table of Contents 在数据目录中排列 • Saved to disk (*.lyr) 可以存为lyr文件 • Can be organized into Groups 可以按组整理 • Symbology 图例设置 • Labels 标签

  25. Data layer, layer file, map file Source, symbology Display scale, etc. Raster, vector Point, polyline, polygon Attributes, etc. Display scale, etc. Layer file, *.lyr Layer file Data layer Projection, unit, etc. Data view Layout view Data layer Group Layer Data frame Map file, *.mxd Layer file Data layer Layer file Data layer Layer file Data layer Layer file Data layer Layer file Data layer Layer file

  26. Coordinate System and Projection坐标系与投影 • Geographic Coordinate System and Projected Coordinate System 地理坐标系和投影坐标系 • Map projection transforms a position on the Earth’s surface identified by latitude/longitude into a position in Cartesian coordinates (x, y) 地图投影将地球表面的经纬度转化为笛卡尔坐标系中的X Y http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~dylan/mtpe/geosphere/topics/map/map1.html

  27. World map in Mercator projection by van Keulen, about 1720

  28. Demo: ArcMap, CHGIS, Google Earth, CBDB

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