Arrangement

1. Arrangement • The organization of the piece • How a rhetor structures an argument depends upon his or her intended purpose and effect.

2. Classical Model of Arrangement • Five-part structure • Introduction (exordium) • Narration (narratio) • Confirmation (confirmatio) • Refutation (refutatio) • Conclusion (peroratio)

3. Introduction • Introduces reader to the subject under discussion • Draws the reader into the text (gets their attention) • Often where the writer establishes ethos

4. Narration • Provides factual information and background material • Establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing • Level of detail used depends on audience • Can appeal to both pathos and logos

5. Confirmation • Major part of the text • Development (proof) needed to make rhetor’s case • Most specific and concrete detail in the text • Generally makes the strongest appeal to logos

6. Refutation • Addresses the counterargument. • Placement within the paper varies • Can be placed before conclusion • Can also be placed before the rhetor presents his/her own argument • Appeal is largely to logos

7. Conclusion • Brings essay to satisfying close • Usually appeals to pathos, while reminding reader of previously established ethos. • Brings all the writer’s ideas together • Answers the question so what? • Last words and ideas of a text are those the audience is most likely to remember.

8. Patterns of development • Consider arrangement according to purpose.

9. Major Patterns of Development: • Narration • Telling a story; recounting series of events • Often used as a way to enter into topics

10. Major Patterns of Development: • Narration • Telling a story; recounting series of events • Often used as a way to enter into topics • Description • Emphasizes the senses by painting a picture of how something looks, sounds, smells, tastes, or feels. • Often used to establish a mood or atmosphere • Rarely is an entire essay descriptive, but vivid description can help make a piece more persuasive

11. Major Patterns of Development: • Narration • Telling a story; recounting series of events • Often used as a way to enter into topics • Description • Emphasizes the senses by painting a picture of how something looks, sounds, smells, tastes, or feels. • Often used to establish a mood or atmosphere • Rarely is an entire essay descriptive, but vivid description can help make a piece more persuasive • Process Analysis • Explains how something works, how to do something, or how something was done • Key to successful process analysis is clarity

12. Major Patterns of Development: • Exemplification • Providing a series of examples (facts, specific cases, instances) • Turns general idea into a more concrete one • Makes argument clear and more persuasive • Type of logical proof called induction • Series of specific examples leads to a general conclusion

13. Major Patterns of Development: • Exemplification • Providing a series of examples (facts, specific cases, instances) • Turns general idea into a more concrete one • Makes argument clear and more persuasive • Type of logical proof called induction • Series of specific examples leads to a general conclusion • Comparison and Contrast • Place two things together to highlight their similarities and differences • Used to analyze information carefully • Often reveals insights into the nature of information being analyzed • Can be organized in two ways • Subject-by-subject • Point-by-point

14. Major Patterns of Development • Classification and Division • Answers the question “what goes together and why?” • Make connections between things that might otherwise seem unrelated

15. Major Patterns of Development • Classification and Division • Answers the question “what goes together and why?” • Make connections between things that might otherwise seem unrelated • Definition • Many discussion depend upon definition • Lays the foundation to establish common ground or identifying areas of conflict • Often the first step in a debate or disagreement

16. Major Patterns of Development • Classification and Division • Answers the question “what goes together and why?” • Make connections between things that might otherwise seem unrelated • Definition • Many discussion depend upon definition • Lays the foundation to establish common ground or identifying areas of conflict • Often the first step in a debate or disagreement • Cause and Effect • Powerful foundation for an argument • Also called causal analysis • Depends on crystal clear logic • Often signaled by a “why” in the titled or opening paragraph