Chapter 9

1. Chapter 9 The Executive Branch and the Bureaucracy

2. Development of the Federal Bureaucracy • Bureaucracy • A set of complex hierarchical departments, agencies, commissions, and their staffs that exist to help a chief executive officer carry out his or her duties.

3. Development of the Federal Bureaucracy • Growth in bureaucracy from 1789 to 1861 • Andrew Jackson used political positions to reward friends and loyalists, known as the spoils system • Post Office, authorized by Congress in Article I, had to adapt to a growing country • Modern executive branch has 1.8 million civilian employees

4. Distribution of Federal Civilian Employment

5. Growth of Bureaucracy • 1789- 3 departments • Foreign Affairs (Department of State), War, and Treasury • Secretaries met with George Washington regularly, establishing Cabinet meetings • 2004- 1.8 million employees

6. How to Fire a Federal Bureaucrat

7. Civil War and the Growth of Government • Civil War spawned need for new government agencies. • Department of Agriculture (1862): Abraham Lincoln • Pension Office (1866): Pay benefits to Union veterans • Patronage • Jobs, grants, or other special favors that are given as rewards to friends and political allies for their support.

8. From the Spoils System to the Merit System • Garfield’s presidency • Wished to reform the system • Irony: assassinated by a frustrated job seeker. • Reaction to Garfield’s death and increasing criticism of the spoils system was the Civil Service Reform Act in 1883. • Also called the Pendleton Act • Reform measure that created the Civil Service Commission to administer a merit system. • Established federal employment on the basis of open, competitive exams

9. Creation of Civil Service and Merit Systems • Civil Service System: The process of hiring government officials based on civil service (merit) instead of patronage • Merit system: Government jobs classified into levels, appointments are made on the basis of performance

10. Regulating the Economy and the Growth of Government in the 20th Century • Growth of big business, price fixing, and other unfair business practices after the Civil War stimulated Congress to create the Interstate Commerce Commission. • First independent regulatory commission • An agency created by Congress that is generally concerned with a specific aspect of the economy. • Created by Congress • Theodore Roosevelt • Department of Commerce and Labor

11. Regulating the Economy and the Growth of Government in the 20th Century • Woodrow Wilson • Divided it into two separate departments. (Commerce and Labor) • Encouraged Congress to create the Federal Trade Commission. • Franklin Roosevelt • Hundreds of new government agencies due to the Great Depression • Lyndon Johnson • War on Poverty created additional growth in the bureaucracy

12. Lyndon B. Johnson • Civil Rights Act of 1964: Passed by Congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and racial discrimination in employment, education, and voting. • Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOP) created to enforce antidiscrimination laws • Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) 1965 • Department of Transportation 1966

13. Government Workers and Political Involvement • Hatch Act (aka Political Activities Act) • Law enacted in 1939 to prohibit civil servants from taking activist roles in partisan campaigns. • Could not make political contributions, work for a political party or campaign for a particular candidate. • Federal Employees Political Activities Act • 1993 liberalization of the Hatch Act. • Allowed federal employees to run for office in nonpartisan elections and to contribute money to campaigns in partisan elections.

14. The Liberalized Hatch Act

15. The Modern Bureaucracy • Bureaucrats • 1.8 million federal workers not including postal and uniformed military personnel. • Most are selected by merit standards (civil service or foreign service exams, for example) • Tests usually for entry level positions. • 10 percent of federal workforce not covered by civil service. • Appointive policy-making positions (cabinet secretaries, for example) • Independent Regulatory Commissioners (appointed by the president) • Low-level, non-policy patronage positions. • Secretarial assistants to policy makers, for example.

16. Formal Organization • Cabinet Departments • Major administrative units with responsibility for a broad area of government operations. • Indicates a permanent national interest. • Government Corporations • Businesses established by Congress that perform functions that could be provided by private businesses. • Example: Amtrak, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

17. Formal Organization • Independent Agencies • Governmental units that closely resemble a Cabinet department but have a narrower area of responsibility and are not part of any Cabinet Department. • Example: Central Intelligence Agency • Independent Regulatory Commissions • Agencies created by Congress to exist outside the major departments to regulate a specific economic activity or interest. • Regulatory policy: any policy passed by a commission setting regulations on their area • Example: Federal Reserve Board.

18. Cabinet • 15 departments • 60% of federal workforce • VP, heads of all departments, head of EPA, OMB, Office of National Drug Control Policy, the U.S. Trade Representative, and president’s chief of staff

19. Federal Agency Regions and City Headquarters

20. The President’s Cabinet

22. How the Bureaucracy Works • Implementation • The process by which a law or policy is put into operation by the bureaucracy. • Iron triangles (aka issue networks) • Relatively stable relationships and patterns of interaction that occur among an agency, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees.

23. Making Policy • Administrative discretion • The ability of bureaucrats to make choices concerning the best way to implement congressional intentions. • Rule making • A quasi-legislative administrative process that has the characteristics of a legislative act. • Regulations • Rules that govern the operation of a particular government program that have the force of law. • 1946 Administrative Procedures Act • Public notice of time, place and nature of rule-making proceedings provided in the Federal Register. • Submission of written arguments • Statutory purpose and basis of rule to be stated. • Once rule is written, 30 days must elapse before they take effect.

24. Insert Figure 9.5 here How a Regulation is Made

25. Making Policy • Administrative adjudication • A quasi-judicial process in which a bureaucratic agency settles disputes between two parties in a manner similar to the way courts resolve disputes.

26. Making Agencies Accountable • Executive Control • Adjust budget (with Congressional approval) • Executive orders • Rules or regulations issued by the president that have the effect of law. • Congressional Control • Constitutional powers • Power of the purse • General Accounting Office, Congressional Research Service, and Congressional Budget Office • Judicial Control • Judicial Review

27. Making Agencies Accountable

28. Frequency and Effectiveness of Oversight Techniques in a Single Congress

29. An Iron Triangle