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The present tense

The present tense. The meaning The formation 1 The formation 2 Conjugations Irregulars Present vs. perfect Look to the principle part! Exempla Cautions. The present tense use. The present tense is translated: -he _________s -he is ________ ing -he used to_________ index.

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The present tense

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  1. The present tense • The meaning • The formation 1 • The formation 2 • Conjugations • Irregulars • Present vs. perfect • Look to the principle part! • Exempla • Cautions

  2. The present tense use The present tense is translated: -he _________s -he is ________ ing -he used to_________ index

  3. The Present tense is formed by using the 1st and 2nd principle parts of the verb • Porto, portāre, portāvī, portātus • Doceō, docēre, docuī, doctus • Mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus • Audio, audīre, audīvī, audītus indexThen what?

  4. The endings give the directions If the 1st two forms show -ō, -āre, the present ending is –at porto, portāre: portat -eō, -ēre is –et doceō, docēre: docet -o, -ēre is –it mittō, mittere: mittit -iō, -īre is also –it audio, audīre: audit A few important verbs use –iō, -ere, but they show –it as well: rapio, rapere: rapit index

  5. Conjugations These distinctions among verb types are known as conjugations, and are numbered 1st: Porto, portāre, portāvī, portātus 2nd: Doceō, docēre, docuī, doctus 3rd: Mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus 4th: Audio, audīre, audīvī, audītus (3rd –iō) rapio, rapere, rapuī, raptus indexWhat about irregulars?

  6. Irregular presents • Fero, ferre, tulī, lātus fert • Eo, īre, īvī, ītus it • Possum, posse, potuī potest • Volo, velle, voluī vult • Sum esse, fuī est • Fiō, fierī, factus sum fit These irregulars compounds follow the same rules: refert, exit, adest, mavult, profit index

  7. Present vs. perfectthe –it dilemma The challenge in learning the present endings is that now the ending –it has two jobs. In some situations -it expresses the present and in other situations the perfect tense. How do you tell? Look to the principle part! index

  8. The principle part is the answer • When a verb ends in –it, the question is “to which principle part is the –it added?” • To the first?—then the verb is present • To the third?--then it is perfect pono, ponere, posui, positus ponit= present posuit= perfect mitto, mittere, misi, missus mittit = present, misit = perfect Further exemplaindex

  9. Exempla of present and perfect forms in -it Currō, currere, cucurrī, cursus curr +it present he runs cucurri +t perfect he ran Accedō, accedere, accessī, accessūrus acced +it present it approaches accessi +t perfect it approached Audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus aud +it present she hears audivi +t perfect she hears Indexcautions

  10. Cautions Some verbs only distinguish tenses by means of a long vowel: inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventus invenit = he finds invēnit = he found A very few verbs show no difference in form: bibō, bibere, bibī, bibitus bibit = she drinks or she drank (cf. she put it down today, he put down in yesterday) index

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