Towards Carbon Neutrality: HSBC Environmental Technology Partnership

1. Keith Tovey M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE • Energy Science Director: • HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation • School of Environmental Sciences CRed Towards Carbon Neutrality: HSBC Environmental Technology Partnership Can UEA become Carbon Neutral?

2. Can UEA become Carbon Neutral? • How do we define carbon neutrality? • Can we be sure that ultimately we achieve such an aim? • What should we consider? • With the School of Environmental Sciences a 5** department, can we be sure that our analysis avoids criticism? • What is extent of carbon footprint at present? • What our boundaries? • How should we tackle carbon neutrality? • Do we need independent verification?

3. What is the extent of Carbon footprint at UEA at present?Where is Energy used? • Gas consumption • Central Heating Boilers • CHP generation • Cooking / laboratories • Other sites –Village, NAM, remotely heated buildings (EFRY) • Heating Oil consumption – (backup for boilers) • Electricity Consumption • Transport

4. What is the extent of Carbon footprint at UEA at present?What Boundaries should we use? Gas, Oil and Electricity Consumption on Campus • How do we track how we are getting on? • What about expansion? - should we track our performance on a student unit basis?. -[would allow comparison with other similar institutions]. • What should be included? • teaching and communal areas • what about residences?? • Transport? • activities associated with UEA • how are these defined? What if there is no documentary evidence of travel • - e.g. activities paid for by other bodies: Government: British Council etc. • transport to and from home of workforce?? • Procurement • equipment purchased • food and drink consumed on premises

5. How Could / Should Carbon Neutrality be achieved? Indirect Action Other Offsets Gold Standard Offsets Planting Trees Indirect Activities - Can these count? Green Electricity Direct Action Travel plan: Park and Ride, biodiesel Renewable generation: Solar, Wind, Biomass Conversion efficiency improvements Conservation: technical improvements – Conservation: management improvements – Conservation: by awareness raising What if we install renewable electricity generation and sell the ROCs? We could not then claim this action as carbon neutrality? – double counting

6. Target Day Conservation: by awareness raising Results of the “Big Switch-Off” BUT With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possible How can these be translated into long term savings?

7. Conservation: by awareness raising • Spot lights ON in ENV FOYER 24th October 2005 • Next to window • Provide no extra light • Reception Staff are aware • Cannot be switched off except from within Office • Cause emission of 400 kg of CO2 a year. Switch has now been taped to prevent it being turned on

8. Conservation: technical improvements – The Elizabeth Fry Building

9. Conservation: management improvements – Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption

10. Conservation: technical improvements – Zuckerman Institute for Connective Environmental Research Carbon Trust: Low Energy Building of the Year 2005

11. Conservation: management improvements – The Green Corridor On rewiring - control for lighting in yellow corridor was solely provided by red switch. The Yellow Corridor Reluctantly contractors agreed to fit blue switch as an afterthought

12. Renewable generation: Solar, Wind, Biomass 32.8 kW Photo-Voltaic array – exports electricity on summer Weekends Plans for 2 (3?) 1.5 MW Turbines: 1.5 MW Biomass CHP / Trigeneration

13. Renewable generation: Solar Peak output is 34 kW Sometimes electricity is exported Inverters are only 91% efficient Most use is for computers DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient Need an integrated approach

14. 3% Radiation Losses 11% Flue Losses GAS Exhaust Heat Exchanger Engine Generator 36% Electricity 50% Heat Conversion efficiency improvements Localised generation makes use of waste heat. Reduces conversion losses significantly 36%efficient 61% Flue Losses 86%efficient Engine heat Exchanger

15. Conversion efficiency improvements Before installation After installation This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide

16. Conversion efficiency improvements Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively More electricity could be generated in summer

17. Heat from external source Desorber Compressor Heat Exchanger W ~ 0 High Temperature High Pressure Heat rejected Absorber Condenser Throttle Valve Evaporator Low Temperature Low Pressure Heat extracted for cooling Conversion efficiency improvements Normal Air-conditioning Adsorption Air-Conditioning

18. Conversion efficiency improvements • Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP • Will provide most of chilling requirements in summer • Will reduce electricity demand in summer • Will increase electricity generated locally • Save 500 – 700 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually • BUT EU – ETS will penalise us for this!!!!!!!! • Allocations based on recent historic performance • Penalises early action • Penalises greater utility (and hence efficiency) of plant • we will emit more CO2 locally but save overall • Allocation should be based on unit of performance • Present system rewards the less efficient plant

19. Data from OFGEM Annual Report Feb: 2005 Renewable Compliance by ROCs RenewableCompliance by Buy-Out How Green is Green Electricity? 93.2% of Renewable Obligation is met by Major Suppliers: 55.8% by ROCs

20. How Green is Green Electricity?

21. How Green is Green Electricity?

22. How Green is Green Electricity? Data for Ecotricity Wind Farms Data for July 2004

23. How Green is Green Electricity? • What is needed for Transparency • The total amount of renewable electricity generated by their plant. • The total number of ROCs they held • The total number of customers on their “Green Tariffs” • The total amount of electricity supplied through their “Green Tariffs” • The total number of consumers • The total electricity sales to all consumers • A clear declaration of what their respective tariffs are for non green and green tariffs • An indication of how these tariffs are derived • The actual tariff (responsibility of the supplier) • The distribution charges (responsibility of DNO and common to all suppliers) • The meter reading chargers (repsonsibility of meter reading company)

24. Conclusions • UEA needs to clearly define what it means by Carbon Neutrality. • Boundaries of our consideration need to be addressed. • Significant steps have been taken already. • Further renewable energy projects are planned. BUT we need to • Make awareness more effective. • Further enhance Management issues. • Tackle transport both institutionally and by the individual. • Think carefully about Green Electricity Tariffs