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Lecture 10: T raffic alert and C ollision A voidance S ystem ( TCAS )

Lecture 10: T raffic alert and C ollision A voidance S ystem ( TCAS ) . Learning Outcomes. At the end of this lecture, the student should be able to: Describe the theory of early warning system including TCAS. What is TCAS.

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Lecture 10: T raffic alert and C ollision A voidance S ystem ( TCAS )

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  1. Lecture 10: Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)

  2. Learning Outcomes • At the end of this lecture, the student should be able to: • Describe the theory of early warning system including TCAS

  3. What is TCAS • TCAS stand for Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System • TCAS is a special system designed to reduce the incidence of Mid-air Collisions (MAC) between aircraft. • According to ICAO, all aircraft with MTOW over 5700 kg or carry more than 30 passengers are compulsory to equipped with TCAS.

  4. Mid-Air Collision (MAC) A mid-air collision is an aviation accident in which two or more aircraft come into contact during flight. • Worst MAC in History • Saudi Arabian Airlines VS Kazakhstan Airlines , 1996 (349 people killed) • Bashkirian Airlines collided with DHL,2002 (71 People Killed)

  5. TCAS Equipments TCAS Display TCAS Antenna

  6. HOW TCAS WORKS • TCAS operates similar as Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR), but in air to air role.

  7. HOW TCAS WORKS • TCAS consists of antennas on aircraft body, computer processor & TCAS display inside cockpit. • TCAS antenna continually surveys the airspace around an aircraft & transmit the signal. • Other aircraft that also equipped with TCAS in the surrounding area will reply the signal. • TCAS continuously calculates tracked aircraft position, therefore TCAS display constantly updated and provide real time position information.

  8. HOW TCAS WORKS • Targets (other aircraft) are displayed on the TCAS screen as different symbols which show level of threat. • Aircraft relative altitude also will be displayed. • Relative altitude is the targets altitude in relation to the aircraft. EX: -03↑ depicts a target 300 feet below and climbing. • TCAS can not display aircraft without TCAS antenna/transponders.

  9. Traffic Advisory (TA) & Resolution Advisory (RA) • Range = 14 NM • Maximum number of aircraft processed = 30

  10. TYPICAL TCAS DISPLAY

  11. TCAS Display In modern glass cockpit aircraft, the TCAS display may be integrated in the Navigation Display

  12. TCAS Advantages • Highly accurate distance measurements, with a one-second refresh rate. • All threats taken into account • Detection of all transponding aircraft, including those which are not displayed on the air traffic controller’s screen • Independent system, which acts as a last resort measure to avoid mid-air collision when other safety precautions fail. • TCAS reduced the risk of mid-air collision

  13. TCAS Limitations • No detection of aircraft without or not operating transponders (e.g. VFRs, military flights) • No knowledge of the pilot’s intentions and of the ATC separation minima • Basic display: no identification, no past positions, no speed vector • Sometime generate unnecessary alerts.

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