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Nucleic Acids

Information storage. Nucleic Acids. proteins. DNA. Nucleic Acids. Function: genetic material stores information genes blueprint for building proteins DNA  RNA  proteins transfers information blueprint for new cells blueprint for next generation. DNA. 1.

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Nucleic Acids

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  1. Informationstorage NucleicAcids

  2. proteins DNA Nucleic Acids • Function: • genetic material • stores information • genes • blueprint for building proteins • DNA RNA proteins • transfers information • blueprint for new cells • blueprint for next generation

  3. DNA 1 Synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus mRNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM mRNA 2 Movement of mRNA into cytoplasm via nuclear pore Ribosome 3 Synthesis of protein Aminoacids Polypeptide DNA RNA protein: information flow in a cell

  4. Nucleic Acids • Examples: • RNA (ribonucleic acid) • single helix • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • double helix • Structure: • monomers = nucleotides RNA

  5. Nucleotides • 3 parts • nitrogen base (C-N ring) • pentose sugar (5C) • ribose in RNA • deoxyribose in DNA • phosphate(PO4)group Nitrogen baseI’m the A,T,C,G or Upart! Are nucleic acidscharged molecules?

  6. SPECIAL NOTE • A NUCLEOSIDE is a precursor to a NUCLEOTIDE. It contain ONLY a nitrogenous base and a sugar – NO PHOSPHATE

  7. Types of nucleotides Purine = PURE As Gold Pyrimidines= CUT the PY • 2 types of nucleotides • different nitrogen bases • purines • double ring N base • adenine (A) • guanine (G) • pyrimidines • single ring N base • cytosine (C) • thymine (T) • uracil (U)

  8. Formation of a nucleic polymer • DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS AGAIN!!!! • A bond forms between the adjoining nucleotides and is assisted by polymerases • A backbone of S-P-S-P-S- etc. is formed

  9. DNA Synthesis • A new strand of DNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction • There a 3’ end must be open to elongate • NOTE: It is read by RNA from the 3’ to 5’ end

  10. Nucleic polymer • Backbone • sugar to PO4 bond • phosphodiester bond • new base added to sugar of previous base • polymer grows in one direction • N bases hang off the sugar-phosphate backbone

  11. Breaking down into Monomers • HYDROLYSIS AGAIN!!! • Bonds between the adjacent nucleotides are destroyed within the nucleic acid polymer.

  12. Pairing of nucleotides • Nucleotides bond between DNA strands • H bonds • purine :: pyrimidine • A :: T • 2 H bonds • G :: C • 3 H bonds Matching bases?Why is this important?

  13. DNA molecule • Double helix • H bonds between bases join the 2 strands • A :: T • C ::: G H bonds?Why is this important?

  14. A brief, explanatory film strip

  15. Copying DNA • Replication • 2 strands of DNA helix are complementary • have one, can build other • have one, can rebuild the whole Matching halves?Why is this a good system?

  16. When does a cell copy DNA? • When in the life of a cell does DNA have to be copied? • cell reproduction • mitosis • gamete production • meiosis

  17. DNA replication “It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.” -James Watson & Francis Crick (1953)

  18. 1953 | 1962 Watson and Crick … and… Crick Watson

  19. Maurice Wilkins… and… 1953 | 1962

  20. Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958)

  21. X-raydiffraction pattern Photographic film Diffracted X-rays X-raysource X-ray beam Crystal Nucleic acid Protein (a) X-ray diffraction pattern (b) 3D computer model X-ray crystallography

  22. James Watson Describes the Moment

  23. Interesting note… • Ratio of A-T:G-C affects stability of DNA molecule • 2 H bonds vs. 3 H bonds • biotech procedures • more G-C = need higher T° to separate strands • high T° organisms • many G-C • parasites • many A-T (don’t know why)

  24. Another interesting note… • ATPAdenosine triphosphate • modified nucleotide • adenine (AMP) + Pi + Pi + +

  25. You should now be able to: • List and describe the four major classes of molecules • Distinguish between the following pairs: pyrimidine and purine, nucleotide and nucleoside, ribose and deoxyribose, the 5’end and 3’ end of a nucleotide

  26. Macromolecule Review

  27. Carbohydrates • Structure / monomer • monosaccharide • Function • energy • raw materials • energy storage • structural compounds • Examples • glucose, starch, cellulose, glycogen glycosidic bond

  28. Lipids • Structure / building block • glycerol, fatty acid, cholesterol, H-C chains • Function • energy storage • membranes • hormones • Examples - fat, phospholipids, steroids • NOT POLYMERS (No repeating units) ester bond (in a fat)

  29. Proteins • Structure / monomer • amino acids • levels of structure • Function • enzymes u defense • transport u structure • signals u receptors • Examples • digestive enzymes, membrane channels, insulin hormone, actin peptide bond

  30. Nucleic acids • Structure / monomer • nucleotide • Function • information storage & transfer • Examples • DNA, RNA • Modified Nucleotide: ATP phosphodiester bond

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