인간의 삶과 역사 속의 미생물

인간의 삶과 역사 속의 미생물 강의자료ppt-13 2010-2학기

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Typhus: A Fever Plague

Typhus transmitted by human louse

Typhus fever (= 發疹티푸스) : “War fever”, “prison fever”, “ship fever” : A disease of rat, transmitted by lice • The earliest severe epidemic of typhus : First outbreak - Spain in 1490, 17,000 Spain soldiers were died of typhus during war with the Moors over the possession of Granada : Second outbreak - Spain in 1557 during the time of the civil war in Granada - Raged unchecked for 13 years

Tchaikovsky’s “1812 Overture” : Composed in 1882 to mark the opening of the Moscow Exhibition of 1882 and the consecration of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior built to thanks for the Russian victory over Napoleon in 1812 : The first performance was given on August 20, 1882, to celebrate the 70th anniversary of Russia’s victory over Napoleon

The defeat of Napoleon in Russia : Recounted in Tolstoy’s “War and Peace” : In 1807, Napoleon had defeated the Russians at Tilsit - The two countries had entered into a treaty; but cooperation soon failed when friction arose over Poland, which the Russians wanted to retain : In March 1812, Napoleon signed agreements with Prussia and Austria to provide troops - His Grand Army numbered 500,000 men and 1,100 cannons (Russia: less than 250,000 men)

Moscow Vitebsk Tilsit Borodino Vilnius Smolensk

The defeat of Napoleon in Russia : During the summer of 1812, without any opposition of Russia, the troops were camped in Vilna, Poland - Poland was filthy and dirty; Polish people were infested with fleas, bedbugs, and lice; Shortage of water for bathing - Within a few days in Vilna, several soldiers developed high fevers, and a pink rash broke out on their bodies; By the time Napoleon’s army left Vilna, the troops had contracted typhus (Preventive measures could not be instituted since the cause of the disease and its manner of spread were not known at the time - Marching French army eastward to Moscow (Russian strategy: gave up land to the invading army → drew the French deeper and deeper into Russia) : Vitebsk by third week of July in 1812 - 80,000 men died, yet the French were still 150 miles from the Russian frontier and 300 miles from Moscow - As march to Moscow continued, more and more French troops became sicker

The defeat of Napoleon in Russia : Fall of Smolensk on August 17 - 174,000 Napoleon’s army were still 200 miles from Moscow - No rest for the army : August 25, the march resumed, and the typhus raged again - The strike force was reduced to 160,000 : French and Russian armies finally met at Borodino on September 5 - French 130,000, Russia 120,000 - September 7, 30,000 and 50,000 Russian soldiers dead → Russian withdrew beyond Moscow, and the French moved onward to Moscow (French suffered another 10,000 casualties due to sickness)

The defeat of Napoleon in Russia : French army in Moscow - By the time French army arrived in Moscow, only 90,000 men were in the central force - The streets were empty and fires, deliberately set by Russians, had destroyed 1/3 of the city; Typhus continued to ravage the army : Leaving Moscow - A month later, Napoleon commanded his soldiers to leave Moscow (∵ impossible to remain in Moscow without shelter as winter approached) - First snow fell on November 3 – intense cold and snow – troops reached Smolensk - When French army departed Smolensk, another 20,000 were sick - Upon reaching Vilna on December 8, another 15,000 had died → the effective force consisted of only 20,000 men → by the following June, fewer than 3,000 were alive

Soldiers suffering from typhus, lying in the streets (in Vilna) (by Eugene Le Roux)

“General Typhus” : In a letter of Marshal Ney of Napoleon’s army on November 29, 1812 - “General Famine and General Winter, rather than Russian bullets have conquered the Grand Army” : “General Typhus”, the unseen ally of the Russians : Ended Napoleon’s fantasy, the conquest of Russia and India - During Russian Campaign, 400,000 French soldiers died (220,000 may died from disease alone) * Russia: 100,000 died from either disease or battle wounds

Other cases 1) Following the end of the WWI, the returning armies carried typhus with them : 1915, Epidemic of typhus in Serbia - Nearly all of the country’s 400 doctors contracted typhus; more than 1/4 died : 1917-1923 in Eastern Europe - 20 to 30 million cases and 3 million deaths 2) During WWII, a few million people died of typhus

AcetoneandClostridium acetobutylicum

British during WWI : Needed the organic solvents acetone for the production of the smokeless explosive powder cordite : Prior to 1914, acetone was made - by the dry heating of wood. Between 80 and 100 tons of birch, beech, or maple wood were required to make one ton of acetone. When the war broke out, the demand for acetone quickly exceeded the existing world supply - from calcium acetate imported from Germany, butimportation of the German calcium acetate was not possible and the United States did not have a large supply

Chaim Weizmann (1874-1952) : Manchester University : Made significant contributions to both microbiology and politics : In 1920, he began a long tenure as President of the World Zionist Organization : by 1915, he had developed a fermentation process by which the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum converted 100 tons of molasses or grain into 12 tons of acetone and 24 tons of butanol : Weizmann was recruited by Winston Churchill and the British government to set up his microbial fermentation for the production of acetone from corn at the Nicholson Distillery in London

Grain supply for the production of acetone : The grain supply was unreliable, however, because of the German blockade and it was necessary to look for a different fermentable carbohydrate : Food was being rationed so a substrate that could not be used for human food was needed : In 1916, Weizmann even tried to use horse chestnuts collected by children, but the supply was insufficient for a large-scale fermentation : The British turned to other parts of the British Empire and to their allies for a fermentable carbohydrate - In 1916, the Weizmann process was moved to a distillery in Toronto, Canada, and another was built in India - In 1917, a plant was set up to ferment corn in Indiana, U.S.

Grain supply for the production of acetone : Most of British and Canadian breweries were converted into acetone and butanol factories until new fermentation facilities could be constructed : Commercial acetone and butanol were made by this fermentation process until they were replaced by cheaper petrochemicals in the late 1940s and 1950s

Balfour Declaration : After the war, when British Prime Minister Lloyd George asked what honors Weizmann might want for his considerable contributions - Weizmann answered, "There is only one thing I want. A national home for my people." - Lord Balfour then gave Weizmann 15 minutes to explain why that national homeland should be Palestine - The result was the Balfour Declaration, which affirmed Britain's commitment to the establishment of a Jewish homeland

Founding of Israel : In 1948, when the United States was going to reverse its decision to support the independent state of Israel, Weizmann used his considerable negotiating skills to convince President Truman that the United States should affirm their support for the new country, leading to the founding of Israel : In 1949, Weizman was elected the first president of Israel

McMahon-Hussein Agreement (October, 1915) : Sir Henry McMahon, acting on behalf of the British government, met with Sherif Hussein of Mecca in 1915 and made what were taken to be a series of promises to the Arab people : The agreement was accepted by Palestinians as a promise by the British that after World War One, land previously held by the Turks would be returned to the Arab nationals who lived in that land : Agreement was to greatly complicate Middle East history and seemed to directly clash with the Balfour Declaration of 1917

인간의 삶과 역사 속의 미생물

인간의 삶과 역사 속의 미생물

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