Midterm Review:

1. Midterm Review: 1stSemester

2. Which of the following exemplifies the issue of the relative importance of nature and nurture on our behavior? • The issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behavior • The issue of the relative influence of rewards and punishments on behavior • The debate as to the relative importance of heredity and instinct in determining behavior • The debate as to whether mental processes are a legitimate area of scientific study • The debate of environmental influences on behavior 25

3. This approach to psychology focuses on rewards, punishments, and associations. • Behavioral • Psychoanalytic • Socio-Cultural • Neuroscience • Cognitive 25

4. The biological approach is most closely associated with the discipline of: • Evolution • Chemistry • Development • Neuroscience • Natural selection 25

5. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory has been criticized for being: • Appropriate for female patients, but not male patients • Only applicable to research settings, not therapy settings • Based on large groups, not individual cases • Unscientific and unverifiable • Too closely tied to behavioristic thought

6. Dr. Didden was hired by the TLC Company to help them retain their employees without lowering the firm’s profits. After TLC removed cubicles and permitted employees to decorate their workroom as recommended by Dr. Didden, the absentee rate declined and no employees left for jobs elsewhere. Dr. Didden is most likely to be: • A forensic psychologist • An industrial/organizational psychologist • A counseling psychologist • A clinical psychologist • An engineering psychologist 25

7. Participant Scores

8. Psychologists use experimental research in order to reveal or to understand: • Correlational Relationships • Dependent variables • Hypotheses • Theories • Cause-and-effect relationships 25

9. The procedure designed to ensure that the experimental and control groups do not differ in any way that might affect the experiment’s results is called: • Variable controlling • Random assignment • Representative sampling • Stratification • Double-blind procedure 25

10. In an experiment to determine the effects of exercise on motivation, exercise is the: • Confounding variable • Intervening variable • Independent variable • Super-ordinate variable • Dependent variable 25

11. After detailed study of a gunshot wound victim, a psychologist concludes that the brain region destroyed is likely to be important for memory functions. Which research method did the psychologist use to deduce this? • Case Study • Survey • Correlational Experiment • Controlled Experiment • Naturalistic Observation 25

12. Which of the following numbers indicates a stronger statistical correlation? • +.97 • -.98 • +.05 • -.03 • -.14 25

13. Participant Scores

14. While hurdling at the League track meet, Kim fell and hit her head on the track. After the trainer assessed her, he determined she had a concussion. What type of scan will the doctor most likely use in order to see if she has any damage to her brain? • PET • MRI • EEG • FMRI • CAT 25

15. A research study looking at severely overweight rats would most likely be interested in studying this part of the brain: • Hippocampus • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Amygdala • Pineal Gland 25

16. This is an example of a sympathetic function: • Promoting your sexual development • Monitoring the operation of the body’s routing functioning • Picking up a dime off the floor • Preparing yourself to fight an oncoming attacker • Figuring out the answer to a difficult test question 25

17. Your brain is involved in every perception, thought, and emotion, as are its neurons and their neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that: • Carry information primarily in the endocrine system • Fuel the endocrine system • Travel from the axon terminals along the axon and create an action potential • Assist neurons by providing physical support, nutrition, and waste removal • Travel across the synapse and affect adjoining neurons 25

18. A neuron without terminal buttons would be unable to: • Receive information from neighboring neurons • Generate action potential • Secrete neurotransmitters to other neurons • Transport ions across the cell membrane • Fire the appropriate inhibitory transmitters 25

19. Participant Scores

20. The process by which sensory information is converted into neural energy is called: • Conversion • Emersion • Eversion • Transduction • Transformation 25

21. Genie, the “wild child” hearing music for the very first time would be using this type of processing to understand her situation. • Bottom –up processing • Top-down processing • Both bottom-up and top-down processing • Perceptual constancy • None of the above 25

22. The receptors for body position and movement are located: • In the parietal cortex • In the inner ear • In the outer layer of the skin • Within the corpus callosum • Within the spinal cord 25

23. These are used to make a mental representation of a task at hand. • Constructs • Prototypes • Schemas • Categorical maps • Cognitive maps

24. The classic “gorilla and basketball” example shows us that: • We tend to focus only on lighter colors • The basketball passes distracted our ability to focus • Selective attention allows our mind to process only a small amount of what’s actually going on. • The gorilla was distracting enough that most people identify it quickly • Both 2 and 4 are correct

25. Participant Scores

26. According to Freud, the manifest content of a dream refers to: • The setting of the dream • The story line of the dream • Whether the dream is in the color or black and white • The emotional tone of the dream • The symbolic meaning of the dream 25

27. Which of the following is true of hypnosis? • Hypnosis is a form of REM sleep • Hypnosis is accompanied by delta wave activity of the brain • Hypnosis is a state of awareness associated with relaxation and susceptibility • Hypnosis is a form of non-REM sleep • Hypnotic analgesia is blocked by the drug naloxone 25

28. The most frequently used psychoactive drug in the United States is: • Alcohol • Cocaine • Caffeine • Heroin • Marijuana 25

29. Which of the following best describes the stability of sleep cycles? • They are innate so they cannot be modified • They are innate but can be modified in times of stress • They are entirely learned but are difficult to modify • They are entirely learned and, thus, may be easily modified • They are learned and allow us to change them at our will 25

30. Sleepwalking and talking: • Occur most often in association with night terrors • Occur during REM sleep and is therefore rather brief • Occur during sleep stages 3 and 4 • Is the outward expression of dream content • Are dangerous sleep disorders 25

31. Participant Scores

32. What is the response pattern of securely attached children in the Strange Situation when their mothers return? • They tend to ignore their mothers because they are secure about her care • Sometimes they run over to their mothers and sometimes the do not; there’s no consistent pattern in their responses • They tend to go to their mothers for comfort • They tend to run over to their mothers and beg them not to leave again. • They hit their mothers 25

33. When baby Stephanie starts crying, her mother or father hurries to see if she needs anything, and they comfort her when she is upset. According to Erikson, Stephanie is likely to develop: • Competence • Trust • Inferiority • Mistrust • Autonomy 25

34. A critical period is a stage in development when: • Specific stimuli have a major effect on development that they do not produce at other times • Children are resistant to any kind of discipline by their parents • New learning is prevented by older learning • Bonding between the child and parent first takes place • The child first enters elementary school and needs positive reinforcement 25

35. If Heinz decides to choose to steal the drug in Kohlberg’s “Heinz Dilemma”, which main stage of moral development is he exercising? • Obedience and punishment • Individualism and exchange • Universal principles • Maintaining social order • Interpersonal relationships 25

36. Piaget used this term to refer to the mental structures that guide thoughts: • Operations • Phonemes • Strategies • Schemas • Imprints 25

37. Participant Scores

38. Once Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate to the sound of a tuning fork, the tuning fork was a(n): • Unconditioned stimulus • Neutral stimulus • Conditioned stimulus • Responsive Stimulus • Conditioned response 25

39. Shaping is: • A pattern of responses that must be made before classical conditioning is completed • Rewarding behaviors that get closer and closer to the desired goal behavior • Completing a set of behaviors in succession before a reward is given • Giving you chocolate pudding to increase the likelihood you will eat more carrots • Inhibition of new learning by previous learning 25

40. While readying to take a free-throw shot, you suddenly arrive at the answer to a chemistry problem you’d been working on several hours before. This is an example of: • Insight • Backward conditioning • Latent learning • Discrimination • The Premack Principle 25

41. Negative and positive reinforcers are similar in that these always ______ the likelihood of ensuing responses. • Decrease • Increase • Extinguish • Eliminate • Have no effect on 25

42. Operant conditioning, in contrast with classical conditioning, emphasizes events (such as rewards and punishments) that occur: • After the behavior • Concurrently with another response • At the same time as another stimulus • During the behavior • Before the behavior 25