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DNA STRUCTURE

This article outlines the structure of DNA, including the nucleotide composition, base pairing, and hydrogen bonding. It also discusses the formation of a DNA double helix and the role of nucleosomes in DNA packaging. Additionally, it distinguishes between different types of DNA sequences, such as highly repetitive sequences and protein-coding genes.

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DNA STRUCTURE

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  1. DNA STRUCTURE TOPICS 3.3 & 7.1

  2. Assessment Statements 3.3.1 Outline DNA nucleotide structure in terms of sugar (deoxyribose), base and phosphate 3.3.2 State the names of the four bases in DNA 3.3.3 Outline how DNA nucleotides are linked together by covalent bonds into a single strand 3.3.4 Explain how a DNA double helix is formed using complementary base pairing and hydrogen bonds 3.3.5 Draw and label a simple diagram of the molecular structure of DNA

  3. 5 Nucleotides • Subcomponents of DNA • Composed of a phosphate group, a sugar (deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base • 4 bases • Adenine • Thymine • Guanine • Cytosine • Purines – double ring structure • Adenine and guanine 5’ 4’ 1’ 3’ 2’ • Pyrimidines – single ring structure • Thymine and cytosine

  4. Nucleotides are linked covalently • DNA is a double helix and therefore composed of two strands • Each strand is shaped like a spiral staircase • Backbone of phosphate and deoxyribose that alternate and are held together by a phosphodiester bond or linkage

  5. Double helix • The two bases making each rung are said to be complimentary to each other • A=T held together by 2 hydrogenbonds • C=G held together by 3 hydrogenbonds • animation

  6. Assessment Statements 7.1.1 Describe the structure of DNA, including the antiparallel strands, 3’-5’ linkages and hydrogen bonding between purines and pyrimidines 7.1.2 Outline the structure of nucleosomes 7.1.3 State that nucleosomes help to supercoil chromosomes and help to regulate transcription 7.1.4 Distinguish between unique or single-copy genes and highly repetitive sequences in nuclear DNA 7.1.5 State that eukaryotic genes can contain exons and introns

  7. How are the two strands of DNA held together? • The two sugar-phosphate chains are attached to each other by their nitrogenous bases held together by hydrogen bonds • The two chains run in opposite directions and are described as antiparallel • One strand has the 5’ carbon on the top and the 3’ carbon on the bottom; the other strand is the opposite

  8. Nucleosomes • Consists of two molecules of each of four different histones • DNA wraps twice around these eight protein molecules • DNA is negatively charged and histones are positively charged • A 5th type of histone leads to further wrapping of DNA molecule • When DNA is wrapped, it is inaccessible to transcription enzymes • Therefore the wrapping regulates the process of transcription by allowing only certain areas of the DNA to be involved in protein synthesis

  9. Types of DNA sequence • Highly repetitive (junk DNA) • Composed of 5-300 bp per sequence • May be as many as 100,000 replicates per genome • If clustered in discrete areas, it is referred to as satellite DNA (ex. Centromere) • Coding function? • Are transposable • First found by Barbara McClintock in 1950 • Won Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1983

  10. Protein-coding genes • Single copy genes • Provide base sequences essential to produce proteins at the cell ribosomes • Human Genome Project began in mid-1970s and completed in 2001 • Account for less than 2% of the chromosomes • Not a fixed sequence; broken by non-coding portions known as introns • Coding fragments are exons

  11. Structural DNA • Highly coiled DNA that does not have a coding function • Occurs around centromere and near the ends of chromosomes at the telomeres (responsible for cell aging?) • Inactive genes (pseudogenes) • No function • Caused by mutation?

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