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How do we study developmental change?

How do we study developmental change?. The visual cliff Responses to looming Habituation and Dishabituation methods Preferential looking technique Robert Fantz (1961). Developmental Psychology:. …the study of how psychological processes change over time.

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How do we study developmental change?

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  1. How do we study developmental change? • The visual cliff • Responses to looming • Habituation and Dishabituation methods • Preferential looking technique • Robert Fantz (1961)

  2. Developmental Psychology: …the study of how psychological processes change over time. It focuses on the changes that occur in people’s abilities and behaviours as they grow older.

  3. 35 30 25 20 Total fixation time (%) 15 10 5 0 Newborns’ Visual Preferences

  4. How do we develop cognitively? • Stage-like vs continuous development • Piaget’s stage theory (1896–1980) • Criticisms of Piaget’s stage theory • Vygotsky’s theory of continuous development (1896-1934)

  5. How do we develop cognitively? • stage-like • continuous development

  6. Criteria for stage-like development: 1. Ordered periods 2. Qualitative changes 3. Rapid transitions 4. Completion of each stage before the next.

  7. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Approx. Age range Developmental milestones Stage Sensorimotor 0 to 2 years • Object permanence • Stranger anxiety 2 to 7 years Preoperational • Ability to pretend • Egocentrism • 3-mountain task • Conservation

  8. Concretism: inability to extract the “abstractness” of something Irreversibility: of thought and actions Centration: focusing on certain aspects loosing sight of others

  9. Approx. Age range Developmental milestones Stage Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development (continued…) • Mathematical transformations Concrete operational 7 to 11 years • Hypothetico-deductive reasoning • Scientific reasoning • Potential for mature moral reasoning Formal operational 11 to adulthood

  10. Lev Vygotsky’s theory of continuous development • internalization • zone of proximal development (ZPD) (a.k.a.: zone of potential development) • static-assessment environment • dynamic-assessment environment

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