PsychSmart INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

1. PsychSmart • INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

2. CHAPTER SIX: MEMORY

3. The Foundations of Memory • What is memory? • Are there different kinds of memory? • What are the biological bases of memory?

4. Memory • Process by which one encodes, stores, and retrieves information Figure 1 of Chapter 6

5. Three-System Memory Theory • Sensory Memory • Short-term Memory • Working Memory • Long-term Memory

6. Three-System Memory Theory Three-System Approach to Memory Figure 2 of Chapter 6

7. Sensory Memory • Iconic Memory • Reflects information from the visual system • Echoic Memory • Stores auditory information coming from the ears

8. Short-term Memory • The memory store in which information first has meaning • Chunk • A meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short-term memory • Example: PBSFOXCNNABCCBSMTVNBC

9. Short-term Memory • The prior example in chunks: PBS FOX CNN ABC CBS MTV NBC

10. Short-term Memory • Rehearsal • Elaborative rehearsal • Information is considered and organized in some fashion • Working Memory • The set of temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information • Central executive processor • Visual store • Verbal store • Episodic buffer

11. Short-term Memory Model of Working Memory Figure 3 of Chapter 6

12. Long-term Memory • Long-term Memory Modules • Declarative memory • Factual information • Semantic memory • General knowledge and facts • Episodic memory • Events • Procedural memory • Skills and habits

13. Long-term Memory Subcategories of Long-term Memory Figure 4 of Chapter 6

14. Long-term Memory • Semantic Networks • Mental representations of clusters of interconnected information • Spreading activation

15. Long-term Memory Semantic Memory Networks for Fire Engine Figure 5 of Chapter 6

16. Long-term Memory • The Neuroscience of Memory • Hippocampus • Amygdala Figure 6 of Chapter 6

17. Recalling Long-Term Memories • What causes difficulties and failures in remembering?

18. Retrieval Cues • Recall • A specific piece of information must be retrieved • Recognition • Occurs when one is presented with a stimulus and asked whether he has been exposed to it previously or is asked to identify it from a list of alternatives

19. Levels of Processing • Levels-of-processing Theory • Suggests that the amount of information processing that occurs when material is initially encountered is central in determining how much of the information is ultimately remembered

20. Explicit and Implicit Memory • Explicit Memory • Intentional or conscious recollection of information • Implicit Memory • Memories of which people are not consciously aware, but which can affect subsequent performance and behavior • Priming

21. Flashbulb Memories • Memories related to a specific, important, or surprising event that are so vivid they represent a virtual snapshot of the event • Example: • September 11th, 2001

22. Flashbulb Memories College Students’ Most Common Flashbulb Memories Figure 7 of Chapter 6

23. Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past • Processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning one gives to events • Schemas • Organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information in interpreted, stored, and recalled

24. Memory in the Courtroom: The Eyewitness on Trial • Mistaken identity • Impact of Weapons • Specific wording of questions • Children witnesses

25. Memory in the Courtroom: The Eyewitness on Trial Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony Affected by Questioner’s Word Choice Figure 8 of Chapter 6

26. Repressed and False Memories: Separating Truth from Fiction • Repressed and False Memories • Recollections of events that are initially so shocking that the mind responds by pushing them into the unconscious • Memories may be inaccurate or even wholly false. • Controversy regarding their legitimacy

27. Autobiographical Memory: Where Past Meets Present • Recollection of circumstances and episodes from our own lives • One tends to forget information about one’s past that is incompatible with the way in which one currently sees oneself.

28. Autobiographical Memory: Where Past Meets Present Autobiographical Memories of Grades Recalled by College Students Figure 9 of Chapter 6

29. Forgetting: When Memory Fails • Why do we forget information? • What are the major memory impairments?

30. Why We Forget • Failure of Encoding • Did not pay attention to material • Decay • Loss of information through nonuse • Memory traces

31. Why We Forget • Interference • Information in memory disrupts the recall of other information • Cue-dependent Forgetting • Occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle information that is in memory

32. Improving Memory • Do not believe claims about drugs that improve memory. • Effective strategies • Organization cues • Keywords • Elaborative rehearsal • Effective note taking

33. Proactive and Retroactive Interference: The Before and After of Forgetting • Proactive Interference • Information learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material. • Retroactive Interference • Difficulty in the recall of information because of later exposure to different material

34. Proactive and Retroactive Interference: The Before and After of Forgetting Proactive and Retroactive Interference Figure 11 of Chapter 6

35. Memory Dysfunctions: Afflictions of Forgetting • Alzheimer’s Disease • Amnesia • Retrograde • Anterograde