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HW # 80- Make cookies for the Cookie Mutation Lab Warm up

Week 24, Day Four. HW # 80- Make cookies for the Cookie Mutation Lab Warm up What are the different types of mutations? How are mutations related to evolution? Place your warm up in the center of the table. Place your Lab Evidence Packet (with the essay rubric) in the center of the table.

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HW # 80- Make cookies for the Cookie Mutation Lab Warm up

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  1. Week 24, Day Four HW # 80- Make cookies for the Cookie Mutation Lab Warm up What are the different types of mutations? How are mutations related to evolution? Place your warm up in the center of the table. Place your Lab Evidence Packet (with the essay rubric) in the center of the table. π day will be on THURSDAY 3/14

  2. Warm up Response Substitution Removal Addition Evolution is change over time. Changes MAY happen as a result of genetic mutation.

  3. Homework Response/Check • Did you complete your essay? What about your Evolution Time line?

  4. Goals for Today • Evolution and Genetic Mutation

  5. Mutations

  6. What Are Mutations? • Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA • May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring) • May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring

  7. Are Mutations Helpful or Harmful? • Mutations happen regularly • Almost all mutations are neutral • Chemicals & UV radiation cause mutations • Many mutations are repaired by enzymes

  8. Are Mutations Helpful or Harmful? • Some type of skin cancers and leukemia result from somatic mutations • Some mutations may improve an organism’s survival (beneficial)

  9. Types of Mutations

  10. Chromosome Mutations • May Involve: • Changing the structure of a chromosome • The loss or gain of part of a chromosome

  11. Chromosome Mutations • Five types exist: • Deletion • Inversion • Translocation • Nondisjunction • Duplication

  12. Deletion • Due to breakage • A piece of a chromosome is lost

  13. Inversion • Chromosome segment breaks off • Segment flips around backwards • Segment reattaches

  14. Duplication • Occurs when a gene sequence is repeated

  15. Translocation • Involves two chromosomes that are not homologous • Part of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosomes

  16. Translocation

  17. Nondisjunction • Failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis • Causes gamete to have too many or too few chromosomes

  18. Chromosome Mutation Animation

  19. Gene Mutations • Change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene • May only involve a single nucleotide • May be due to copying errors, chemicals, viruses, etc.

  20. Types of Gene Mutations • Include: • Point Mutations • Substitutions • Insertions • Deletions • Frameshift

  21. Point Mutation • Change of a single nucleotide • Includes the deletion, insertion, or substitution of ONE nucleotide in a gene

  22. Point Mutation • Sickle Cell disease is the result of one nucleotide substitution • Occurs in the hemoglobin gene

  23. Frameshift Mutation • Inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides • Changes the “reading frame” like changing a sentence • Proteins built incorrectly

  24. Frameshift Mutation • Original: • The fat cat ate the wee rat. • Frame Shift (“a” added): • The fat caatat eth ewe era t.

  25. Amino Acid Sequence Changed

  26. Gene Mutation Animation

  27. Explain Cookie Mutation Lab

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