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PNS Disorders & Spinal Cord Injury

PNS Disorders & Spinal Cord Injury. Megan McClintock, MS, RN Fall 2011 – NRS 440. Trigeminal Neuralgia (tic d ouloureux ). Dx /Treatment. CT & MRI Tegretol ( carbamazepine ) or Trileptal ( oxcarbazepine ) Nerve blocks Biofeedback Glycerol rhizotomy Microvascular decompression

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PNS Disorders & Spinal Cord Injury

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  1. PNS Disorders & Spinal Cord Injury Megan McClintock, MS, RN Fall 2011 – NRS 440

  2. Trigeminal Neuralgia (tic douloureux)

  3. Dx/Treatment • CT & MRI • Tegretol (carbamazepine) or Trileptal (oxcarbazepine) • Nerve blocks • Biofeedback • Glycerol rhizotomy • Microvascular decompression • Gamma knife

  4. Interventions • Strong opiods are usually avoided • Environmental management during attacks • Soft-bristled, small toothbrush • Foods high in protein/calories, easy to chew, lukewarm

  5. Bell’s Palsy

  6. Treatment • Moist heat • Gentle massage • Electrical stimulation of the nerve • Facial exercises • Corticosteroids (prednisone) • Mild analgesics • Antivirals

  7. Interventions • Prevention • Hot, moist packs • Protect the face from cold and drafts • Good nutrition (chew on unaffected side) • Meticulous oral hygiene • Dark glasses • Artificial tears • Taping eyelid closed or protective shield • Facial sling • Gentle massage • Facial exercises

  8. Guillian-Barré Syndrome

  9. Dx/Treatment • Diagnosis based on history, s/s • Supportive care • Ventilatory support in acute phase • Plasmapheresis • IV high-dose immunoglobulin (Sandoglobulin) • Nutritional support

  10. Interventions • Careful assessment • Prepare for intubation if vital capacity less than 800 mL • Careful prevention of infection • Establish a communication system early • Catheterization • ROM • Meticulous eye care • Nutrition (risk of aspiration) • F&E balance • Prevention of constipation

  11. Botulism • Most serious type of food poisoning • Thought that the neurotoxin prevents Ach from working • Sx – n/v, diarrhea, abdominal cramping, afebrile, no mental deficits, decscending paralysis with cranial nerve deficits • Death can occur from circulatory failure, resp paralysis, or resp complications • Tx – IV botulinum antitoxin, purge of GI tract • Prevention is key • Nursing care is like for Guillian-Barre

  12. Tetanus (Lockjaw)

  13. Spinal Cord Injury

  14. Spinal Cord Injury

  15. Shock • Spinal Shock • 50% experience this • Decreased reflexes • Loss of sensation • Flaccid paralysis • All below the level of the injury • Can last days to months • Still start active rehabilitation • Neurogenic Shock • Occurs due to loss of vasomotor tone • Hypotension • Bradycardia • Peripheral vasodilation • Venous pooling • Decreased cardiac output • Usually associated with cervical or high thoracic injury

  16. Degree of Paralysis

  17. Degree of Paralysis

  18. Degree of Paralysis

  19. Syndromes of Spinal Cord Lesions • Central Cord Syndrome • Anterior Cord Syndrome • Brown-Séquard Syndrome • Posterior Cord Syndrome

  20. Signs/Symptoms • Respiratory • Above C4 have total loss of resp muscle function • Below C4 can have problems with the phrenic nerve • Cervical/thoracic injuries cause paralysis of abdominal/intercostal muscles • Ma have a tracheostomy • Neurogenic pulmonary edema • Cardiovascular • Above T6 decreases the activity of the SNS • Bradycardia, hypotension

  21. Signs/Symptoms • Urinary • Urinary retention • Spinal shock causes retention, atonic bladder • Begin intermittent cath as soon as possible • GI • Above T5, problems are related to hypomobility • Stress ulcers • Intraabdominal bleeding (signs are masked) • Below T12 and spinal shock - neurogenic bowel

  22. Signs/Symptoms • Skin • Potential for skin breakdown • Thermoregulation • Poikilothermism • Decreased ability to sweat/shiver below level of injury • Worse with high cervical injuries • Metabolic needs • Metabolic alkalosis, Na, K levels (from NG suctioning) • Acidosis (from decreased tissue perfusion) • High protein, high calorie diet • Peripheral vascular Problems • DVT & PE risk (harder to detect)

  23. Dx/Treatment • CT • Treat systemic and neurogenic shock • If cervical injury, must maintain all body systems (pg 1552) • Assess muscle groups, sensory status, brain injury, musculoskeletal injuries, internal injuries • Logroll during transfers/repositioning • Stabilization of injury – traction, realignment, surgery • Drugs • High dose methylprednisolone w/in 8 hours of injury • Vasopressors (dopamine) • All drugs may be metabolized differently with SCI

  24. Acute Interventions • Immobilization • Stabilize the neck to prevent lateral rotation • Keep body correctly aligned • Logroll when turning • If traction is used, it must be maintained at all times • Kinetic therapy bed

  25. Halo Fixation • Pin Site care • Skin care under vest • Be able to insert 1 finger under vest • Do not hold onto halo to move • Weights must hang freely • Don’t release traction • Keep a set of wrenches close • Keep sheepskin pad under vest, wash weekly

  26. Acute Interventions • Respiratory • Critical to assess during first 48 hrs • Above C3 requires mechanical ventilation • Assess carefully • Chest PT • Assisted coughing or incentive spirometry

  27. Acute Interventions • Cardiovascular • Limit vagal stimulation (turning, suctioning) • Assess VS frequently • Give anticholinergics (atropine) for bradycardia • Give vasopressors (dopamne) for hypotension • Sequential compression devices • ROM and stretching exercises • Prophylactic heparin (Lovenox) • Watch closely for signs of hypovolemic shock

  28. Acute Interventions • Fluid & Nutrition • NG tube • Gradually start food/fluids will bowel sounds are active or flatus is passed • High protein, high calorie diet • Evaluate swallowing before starting oral feeding • Enteral or parenteral nutrition may be needed • Creative ways to encourage eating • Dietary supplements as needed

  29. Acute Interventions • Bladder & Bowel • Indwelling catheter • Lots of fluid intake • Watch for UTIs • Transition to intermittent catheterization as soon as possible every 3-4 hours • Bowel program • Rectal stimulant followed by gentle digital stimulation • Temperature Control • Maintain environmental temp • Don’t overload with covers or expose too long (baths) • Cooling blanket for fevers

  30. Acute Interventions • Stress Ulcers • Usually occur 6-14 days after injury • Test stool/gastric contents for blood • Give steroids with antacids or food • Histamine receptor blockers (Zantac, Pepcid) or proton pump inhibitors (Protonix, Prilosec) • Sensory Deprivation • Stimulate patient above the level of injury • Prism glasses, conversation, music, smells, flavors • Reflexes • Explain that this is not always a return to function • Antispasmodic drugs (baclofen, Dantrium, Zanaflex)

  31. Autonomic Dysreflexia • Life threatening emergency!!! • Massive uncompensated cardiovascular reaction caused by the SNS • Occurs in response to visceral stimulation • Sx – HTN (up to 300), throbbing headache, sweating above the level of the lesion, bradycardia, piloerection, flushing of skin above the level of the lesion, blurred vision/spots, nasal congestion, anxiety, nausea • Tx – elevate HOB to 45 degrees or sit upright, call dr, assess for cause, cath (lidocaine jelly), ensure cath is not kinked, digital rectal exam (anesthetic ointment), remove constrictive clothing, monitor BP closely, give Procardia, teach the patient

  32. Home Care • Respiratory • If ventilator-dependent can still be mobile • Assisted coughing, incentive spirometry • Neurogenic Bladder • Types – reflexic, areflexic, sensory • Identify appropriate drainage method • Surgical options • Anticholinergic drugs, adrenergic blockers, antispasmodic drugs • Avoid long-term use of indwelling catheters if possible

  33. Home Care • Neurogenic Bowel • High fiber diet, adequate fluid intake • Suppositories (dulcolax, glycerin) or small-volume enemas with digital stimulation 20-30 minutes later • Stool softener (Colace) • Valsalva and manual stimulation (for lower motor neuron lesions) • Time BM for 30-60 minutes after breakfast • Upright position with feet flat on floor or on stepstool if possible • Exercise

  34. Home Care • Neurogenic Skin • Twice daily comprehensive visual and tactile exam • Carefully watch ischia, trochanters, heels, sacrum • Reposition every 2 hours • Pressure relieving cushions, special mattresses • Adequate intake of protein • Protection from thermal injury • Use pillows to protect bony prominences • In a wheelchair, lift self up and shift weight every 15-30 min

  35. Home Care • Sexuality • See table 61-13 (pg 1562) • If upper motor neuron lesion, can have reflex sexual function • If lower motor neuron lesion, may be capable of psychogenic erection (ejaculation may retrograde into bladder) • Tx – drugs, vacuum devices, surgical procedures • Fertility a problem with men • Women have problems with lubrication • Open communication is important • Sexual activity may be less spontaneous • May have incontinence during sexual activity

  36. Home Care • Grief and Depression • Can feel an overwhelming sense of loss • Believe they are useless and a burden to their family • May have regression • Expect a wide fluctuation of emotions • Table 61-14 (pg 1563) Mourning Process • Counseling for caregiver and family • Sympathy is not helpful, insist that care be performed

  37. Spinal Cord Tumor • Rare • Can be primary or secondary • Can be extradural, intraduralextramedullary, or intraduralintramedullary • Most are slow-growing and don’t cause secondary injury • May have sensory and motor problems • Early sx – back pain with radicular pain causing intercostal pain, angina or herpes zoster; pain worsens with activity, coughing, straining, lying down

  38. Treatment • Dx with spinal xray, MRI, CT • Surgical Treatment: tumor removal • Radiation Therapy (may also do chemo) • Compression of the cord is an emergency!!!! • Give high-dose corticosteroids

  39. 1. A patient is just admitted to the hospital following a spinal cord injury at the level of T4. A priority of nursing care for the patient is monitoring for 1. return of reflexes. 2. bradycardia with hypoxemia. 3. effects of sensory deprivation. 4. fluctuations in body temperature.

  40. 2. A young adult is hospitalized after an accident that resulted in a complete transection of the spinal cord at the level of C7. The nurse informs the patient that after rehabilitation, the level of function that is most likely to occur is the ability to 1. breathe with respiratory support. 2. drive a vehicle with hand controls. 3. ambulate with long-leg braces and crutches. 4. use a powered device to handle eating utensils.

  41. 3. During assessment of a patient with a spinal cord injury at the level of T2 at the rehabilitation center, which of the following findings would concern the nurse the most? 1. A heart rate of 92 2. A reddened area over the patient’s coccyx 3. Marked perspiration on the patient’s face and arms 4. A light inspiratory wheeze on auscultation of the lungs

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