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The Child’s Growth : Brain, Body, Motor Skills, and Sexual Maturation. Sigit Wisnu Tamtomo 69080061. The Child’s Growth : Brain, Body, Motor Skills, and Sexual Maturation. This chapter, we will examine :
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The Child’s Growth :Brain, Body, Motor Skills, and Sexual Maturation Sigit Wisnu Tamtomo 69080061
The Child’s Growth :Brain, Body, Motor Skills, and Sexual Maturation This chapter, we will examine : The development of the brain and the way genetic and environmental forces work together do determine brain growth and function. Explore motor and growth patterns that infants and children follow and the factors that speed up or slow down these patterns. Explore puberty, its characteristics and the factor that influence its course.
Brain Development in Infancy The largest portion of human brain consists of the two conected hemisphere that make up the celebrum. Cerebrum is a mass of tissue that embodies attributes particular to human ( speech and self-awareness ) and attributes shared with other vertebrate animals ( sensory perception, motor abbilities, and memory )
Brain Development in Infancy Cerebral cortex The covering layer of the human cerebrum. Specific function, such as seeing, hearing, moving, feeling, thinking, speaking can be traced to specific regions of the cerebral cortex.
Brain Development in Infancy Neuron A cell in the body’s nervous system consisting of a cell body. A long projection called an axon Several shorter projections called dendrites Neurons send and receive neural impulse or message throughout the brain and nervous system
Brain Development in Infancy Neuron Glial Cell is a nerve cell that supports and protects neurons and serves to encase them in myelin sheaths Myelination is a process by which glial cells encase neurons in sheaths of the fatty substance myelin Neuron proliferation is the rapid formation of neurons in the developing organism’s brain
Brain Development in Infancy Synapse Sysnapse is a specialized site of intercellular communication where information is exchanges between nerve cells, usually by means of a chemical neurotransmitter
Motor Development Hand Skill
Locomotion Motor Development
Theories of how walking develop Motor Development
Physical Growth Cephalocaudal Development Growth occurs from the head downward, the brain and neck develop earlier than the legs and trunk Proximal-distal pattern Growth from the center outward, the internal organs develop earlier than the arms and hands
The factors are affect Height and Weight Genetic Nutrition Physical training
Why people are growing taller ? Medical care, personal health and nutrition have improved. socioeconomic conditions have generally improved ( living conditions such as housing and sanitation ) Genetic factors ( intermarriage among people of different racial and ethnic background )
Do you think my body is good looking ? Obesity I don’t think so..My body is better than you..do you agree?
Obesity The condition in which a person’s weight is 30% or more over average weight for his or her height and frame. In a study of 5 to 8 year old Australian Children, nearly 60% of the girls and 35% of the boys wanted a thinner.
Why do children gain too much weight ? In north America, nearly 18% of children are obese. 14% of preschoolers are obese. More than 20% of Mexian American boys and African Americans girls are overweight; Asian Americans are the least likely to be overweight.
Why do children gain too much weight ? Genetic factor.
Why do children gain too much weight ? Lifestyle Little exercise Too much watching TV Junk Food
Consequence of obesity Variety of phisical problems : Asthma Sleep problems Hipertension Diabetes High cholesterol levels Cardiovascular problems Psychological problems : Body image disturbances Discrimination by ther thinner peers
Treating overweight children Involve the family ( parents, sibling, peers ) in any treatmant programs. To increase the child’s physical expenditure of energy in innovative ways , such as : additional 2000 steps per day Reducing calories by replacing sugar with noncaloric sweeterner Spend less time in sedentary behaviors, such as waching TV and playing computer games To increase physical activity by riding an exercise bike or exercising to an aerobics tape
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Eating disorders in adolescence Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder in which people, usually young women, are preoccupied with avoiding abesity and often diet to the point of starvation
Eating disorders in adolescence Bulimia Nervosa An eating disorder in which people, usually young women, alternate periods of binge eating with vomiting and other means of compensating for the weight gained.
Puberty Sexual Maturation Hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete certain hormones The onset of sexual maturity
What determines the timing of puberty ? Inheritance Girls whose mothers matured early tend to mature early themselves. Environmental factors Gymnasts, figure skaters, and ballet dancers who practice intensively, perform regulary, and diet to keep fit may delay the onset of menstruation by as much as 1 year ( Brooks-Gunn & Warren, 1985 ) In fact, of dancers in one study, only 30% were either early or “on time”, in contrast to 80% of a comparison group of girls who were not dancers ( Brooks-Gunn, 1988 ) After girls reach menarche, their periods may not be regular if they train hard and keep their weight low. Runner and gymnasts sometimes stop menstuating or become amenorrheic ( Brooks-Gunn & Warren, 1985 )
