Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

1. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Internationalization and Technical Stewardship of the Internet 8 May 2005 Cairo, Egypt Theresa Swinehart General Manager, Global Partnerships

2. Internet Resources Management:The Past

3. THE ARPA NETWORK – SEPTEMBER 1969

4. The early days of the Internet • Network set up in the US scientific community • Under R&D contracts to the US government • Administered by the UCLA from Los Angeles • Originally connected 4 universities • Growing slowly into a larger scientific research network • With increasing decentralisation and • Involving scientists in the whole world • Email was added in 1972, file transfer in 1973

5. Internet: The Mid 80’s

6. USENET 1986

7. Internet: from R&D to commercial • Increased use of scientific community • Most use in US universities and R&D institutes • International scientific use has commenced • Domain Names System invented in 1983 • First non-scientific use is considered • 1990: first commercial provision of Internet dial-up access • 1991: www invented in CERN - Switzerland

8. Community values • Ensuring a single, end-to-end interoperable Internet • Bottom-up technical policy making and decision making • Participation open to all who wish to do so • Legitimacy determined by open participation and the value of the contribution to the joint effort, rather than power • Consensus based decision making, but not full ‘census based’ consensus • Cooperation, Coordination and Consultation among participants and groups pushing forward initiatives • Yet, VERY spirited and blunt public debate

9. The Internet Todayand….The Challenges

10. The political world

11. The telecommunications world

13. The Internet Today: • 200,000 interconnected networks • 10,000’s of players from private sector providing equipment, applications, networks, pipes, services, research • Academics assisting in research on standards and protocols • The backbone of the digital economy • A multi-stakeholder platform

14. From the past …to the future • Huge (today over 200,000 networks, 1 billion users ) • Multi-stakeholder purpose • Global • Global economy backbone • Multiple jurisdictions • Contractual relations • Multi-layered stack of issues • Industrialised and developing countries interest Small (4 university networks, 100’s users) Scientific purpose US based Scientific backbone Single jurisdiction Regulated relations A few scientific issues Industrialised countries interest

15. ICANN and its structure

16. ICANN: The Basic Challenge An effective mechanism for technical self-management by the global Internet community serving a globalized economy

17. WIPO ITU (ITU-T) Consumers NSI/ Verisign ccTLD registries OECD USMilitary Foreign Business Universities IETF Registrars Registries ISPs UNDP IAB Intellectual Property interests US Business FTC Root Server Operators Security Issues NATO Developing World Governments Regional Internet Registries Civil Society Groups ETSI FCC W3C OECD governments Before ICANN, these stakeholders competed for influence over the Domain Name and IP Addressing systems

18. Within ICANN, all stakeholders work collaboratively in the policy structure Board of Directors President/ CEO Governmental Advisory Committee GAC Address Supporting Organisation ASO Generic Names Supporting Organisation GNSO Country Code Names Supporting Organisation ccNSO At-large Advisory Committee ALAC Security and Stability Advisory Committee SSAC Root Server System Advisory Committee RSSAC Technical Liaison Group TLG

19. What is ICANN responsible for? • ICANN is responsible for the global technical self-management of the Internet’s unique identifiers • ICANN is dedicated to: • Preserving the operational stability of the Internet; • To promoting competition; • To achieving broad representation of global Internet communities; • And to developing policy appropriate to its mission through bottom-up, consensus-based processes

20. What ICANN does not do • Content on the Internet • Spam • Financial transactions online • Consumer Protection Law • Privacy Law • Data Protection Law • Intellectual Property Law • E-commerce, e-education, e-government, etc.

21. Unique New protocols and services Diverse, distributed data networks Domain Name System IP Number Resources Protocol and port parameters Secure Stable Variety of data technologies and applications Stability and security with open architecture

22. PRINCIPLES OF OPERATIONS • Contribute to stability and security of the unique identifiers system and root management • Promote competition and choice for registrants and other users • Forum for multi-stakeholder bottom-up development of related policy • Ensuring on a global basis an opportunity for participation by all interested parties

23. A Closer look at one area of success • ICANN successful in changing the market structure for the registration of generic TLD’s • A US$1 billion annual reduction in domain registration fees • Competition in the registrar business • The market competition for generic domain name (gTLD) registrations established by ICANN has lowered domain name costs by 80%, with savings for both consumers and businesses.

25. Price Innovative services Establishing and fostering competition and choice Registry functions Registrar functions Increasing choice through registrar competition and new gTLDs Fostering competition through market mechanisms

26. Outreach to and service for all Internet users Developed nation Internet communities Developing nation Internet communities How stability and competition is accomplished Stability and security Competition and choice Independent bottom-up coordination Global stakeholder representation

27. Agreed policy Responsive process Stakeholders in the Domain Name System Business, civil society and academia Government and inter-government agencies Technical bodies and organisations Coordination Collaboration Cooperation

28. Stakeholders in the Domain Name System Government and inter-government agencies World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Inter-American Telecommunications Union (CITEL) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) UN Economic, Social and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) African Telecommunications Union (ATU) European Union (EU) Commonwealth Telecommunications Oragnisation Agence Intergouvernementale de la Francophonie Individual governments are also grappling with how to address new information society issues that cross over many government departments, foreign and domestic policy, cultural distinctions, economic development and similar public policy challenges

29. Stakeholders in the Domain Name System Business, civil society and academia Business organizations have an inherent interest in contributing to the Internet’s growth and potential Civil society organizations, from all parts of the world and from all aspects of society, remain committed to the potential of the Internet for the needs of civil society The academic community, regardless of location, has played and will always play an important role in the Internet

30. Stakeholders in the Domain Name System Technical bodies and organisations The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Forum Internet Society (ISOC) Internet Architecture Board (IAB) Domain name registrars Regional Internet number Registries (RIRs) Security and technical experts International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ENUM Forum IPv6 Forum Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Space research agencies gTLD and ccTLD registries Internet Service Providers

31. International multi-stakeholder representation and participation • Government Advisory Committee: about 100 governments and 5 + International Treaty Organisations • At-Large Advisory Committee: 18 At-Large Structures from four global regions • Board of Directors represents 14 nationalities • ICANN Staff hail from nine different countries (Australia, Denmark, France, Mongolia, the Netherlands, Niger, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and the United States)

32. OECD Report continued • ‘When OECD countries allocate resources they have certain common objectives irrespective of the method chosen. These can include efficient allocation of a resource and efficient use of that resource, transparency in the award of resource, non-discrimination, and the creation of appropriate conditions for market competition. There may also be other wider economic and social objectives. Through statements and actions it is clear that ICANN shares the ideals inherent in these objectives.’

33. The International Multi-stakeholder Organisation of the 21st Century: • Transnational • All stakeholders represented • Including governments with choice of relevant agency or agencies • Flexible in organisational management • No capture by individuals, groups, or organisations • Reflective of its own regime. • Focus on effectiveness and relevancy

34. For more information please see http://www.icann.com Or send an email to Theresa.Swinehart@icann.org