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Objective One Explain the legal implications of intravenous therapy . The Five Rights of Medication Administration. Right patientRight medicationRight doseRight routeRight time. 3. The Three Checks of Medication Administration. 1.Read the label of the medication as it is removed from the shelf, unit dose cart, refrigerator, or dispensing system2.Read the label of the medication when comparing it with the MAR3.Read the medication label again before administering the medication to t30010
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1. NURS2520Health Assessment II
Unit Six
Intravenous Interventions
2. Objective OneExplain the legalimplications ofintravenous therapy
3. The Five Rights of Medication Administration Right patient
Right medication
Right dose
Right route
Right time 3
4. The Three Checks of Medication Administration
1. Read the label of the medication as it is removed from the shelf, unit dose cart, refrigerator, or dispensing system
2. Read the label of the medication when comparing it with the MAR
3. Read the medication label again before administering the medication to the patient 4
5. LOOK at the label for verification of the medication name, dosage, route, and expiration date
CHECK the medication itself, NOT just the pharmacy label
Be overly cautious with regards to dose, proper dilution, and administration rate
Watch decimal points
Be aware of the unit
Is the medication dispensed in mcg or mg?
What is ordered in comparison? 5
6. Risk Management forInfusion Therapy Know venous anatomy and physiology
Know appropriate vein selection
Use infusion equip. appropriately
Clarify unclear orders
Refuse to follow orders that you know are not within the scope of safe nursing practice
Know the infusion indications, side effects, and special considerations for IV medications
Administer medications and/or infusions at the proper rate and within the ordered intervals
6
7. Risk Management (cont’d) Assess the patient and monitor the IV site for complications
Use proper IV care and maintenance
Notify physician promptly of IV complications
Know and give appropriate treatments for complications
Provide proper patient education
Document all aspects of IV therapy, including patient education
Follow your institution’s policy/procedures
Abide by Nebraska’s Nurse Practice Act and standards of IV practice 7
8. Objective TwoApply the concepts of standard precautions in infusion therapy
9. 9 Updated CDC Guidelines for Preventing Infusion Device-Related Infections Prepping the skin
Use 2% chlorhexidine, which is more effective in lowering catheter-related bloodstream infection rates than 10% povidone-iodine and 70% isopropyl alcohol
Chlorhexidine persists on the skin longer, which is important because it kills organisms that could repopulate the insertion site from deeper skin layers
Use “back and forth” scrubbing motion rather than outwardly radiating concentric circles
Allow solution to dry
It has not been determined if chlorhexidine should be used on infants less than 2 months of age
10. 10 Peripheral IV site recommended for only 72 to 96 hours to prevent phlebitis
Maintain peripheral IV in place in pediatric patients as long as needed
Ensure site is free from complications
If catheter was placed in an emergency situation, replace within 48 hours
Follow hand antisepsis protocols (i.e. handwashing and alcohol-based hand rubs)
Use clean gloves to insert a peripheral catheter; do not touch access site after skin prep has been applied
Observe hand hygiene before and after palpating catheter insertion sites; before and after inserting an IV; and before and after replacing, accessing, repairing, or dressing an IV site
11. 11 Occupational HIV Exposure Preventing exposures to blood and body fluids is the primary means of preventing occupationally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
Universal precautions
Handwashing
Proper use of safety equipment
Follow institutional policy/procedures
Recommendations for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) include urgent medical treatment to ensure timely initiation
Prompt reporting of exposure
4-week regimen of two antiretroviral medications to prevent seroconversion of HIV infection in health care workers
Counseling
12. Objective ThreeDiscuss the risks, complications, and adverse reactions of intravenous therapy
13. Extravasation
14. Phlebitis
15. Hematoma
16. Infiltration
17. 17 *Infiltration refers to the inadvertent administration of nonvesicant solution into the surrounding tissue
Causes of infiltration include dislodgement of the cannula from the vein, puncture of the vein wall during venipuncture, friction of the catheter against the vein wall, use of a high pressure infusion device, and irritating infusate that weakens the veins
Signs and symptoms of infiltration—
Skin is taut and/or cool to the touch
Dependent edema
Absence of blood backflow or pinkish blood return
Slowing of the infusion rate
Complications of infiltration may include ulceration (after days/weeks) and compartment syndrome
18. 18
*Infiltration (cont’d):
Prevention of infiltration involves comparing extremities, assessing if infusion stops running when pressure applied 3 inches above catheter site
Treatment of infiltration—
Infuse antidote through the IV if applicable, then remove the IV
Apply warm compresses for antineoplastic agents, and cool compresses for most other medications
Elevate the extremity if this promotes comfort for the patient
*Extravasation is the inadvertent administration of vesicant medication or solution into the surrounding tissue
Requires an incident report
Determine treatment BEFORE removing IV
Do not apply excessive pressure to the site
19. 19 *Thrombosis occurs when blood flow through the vein is obstructed by a local thrombus
S/S include earache/jaw pain, edema/redness at insertion site, tachycardia/tachypnea, malaise, unilateral arm/neck pain, absence of pulse distal to the obstruction, digital coldness/cyanosis/necrosis
Treatment of thrombosis involves discontinuing and restarting IV at a different site (never flush with force to remove an occlusion)
*Phlebitis = inflammation of the vein
S/S include localized redness/swelling, warmth/tenderness, palpable “cord” along the vein, sluggish infusion rate, increased temperature
Prevention includes using smallest cannula appropriate, stabilizing the catheter, and correct venipuncture technique
20. 20 *Septicemia = a febrile disease caused by microorganisms in the circulatory system; septicemia is a major complication that occurs from cannula or infusate contamination
S/S include fever, flushing, profuse diaphoresis, altered mental status, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, tachycardia, hypotension
Treatment includes culturing IV catheter per order/agency protocol, administering oxygen if needed, antimicrobial therapy, IV fluids
Prevention of septicemia includes good handwashing, appropriate infusion site dressing, rotation of IV sites
*Pulmonary embolism is associated with IV-related thrombus
S/S = shortness of breath, cyanosis, chest pain, tachypnea
Prevent by avoiding venipuncture in lower extremities and not applying pressure to regain IV patency
21. 21 *Pulmonary embolism (cont’d)–
Treated by positioning patient in left-sided trendelenburg, administer oxygen, and transfer to ICU
*Air embolism is most frequent in central lines, and results from small amounts of air in the circulatory system
Causes include incorrect IV insertion, excessive catheter manipulation, and loose connections in the IV tubing
Accumulation of small bubbles can block pulmonary capillaries
Blockage may be fatal due to sudden vascular collapse
Symptoms include cyanosis, hypotension, ? venous pressure, and rapid loss of consciousness
Treatment includes immediately placing client in left-sided trendelenburg so that air becomes trapped in the right atrium and is prevented from entering the pulmonary artery; administer oxygen; notify the physician ASAP
22. Objective FourIdentify central and peripherally placed vascular access devices utilized for various patient needs
23. Central Lines
24. PICC Line
25. POWER PICC
27. Huber needles for port access
28. Objective FiveIdentify the pharmacological principles and administration of intravenous medications
29. 29 Vein Selection Do not use veins in ambulatory lower extremities
Never access an arteriovenous fistula, graft, or shunt
Do not use veins in an extremity that is impaired as a result of a CVA
Do not use veins on the side of the body with radical mastectomy with lymph node dissection/stripping
Bypass veins in an extremity that has undergone reconstructive or orthopedic surgery
Do not use veins in an area with a recent infiltration
Do not use veins at or near 3rd degree burns
Avoid veins in an extremity that is partially amputated
Do not use veins that are irritated or sclerosed from previous use
30. 30 Tourniquet Application Applying a tourniquet assists in venous distention
Apply tightly enough that venous blood flow is suppressed, but not so tight that it obstructs arterial flow
Should be able to palpate pulse distal to the tourniquet
Do not leave a tourniquet in place longer than four to six minutes
Tourniquet paralysis from injury to a nerve can occur if the tourniquet is applied too tightly or left for too long a period
Contraindicated in some patients
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wul7KsoRdnQ
35. 35 Cannula Selection *Winged needles, referred to as butterflies, have one or two “wings” that are held upright during insertion to facilitate movement into the vein; once the needle is in the vein, the wings are taped to the skin to secure the device
*Peripheral venous access catheters are the most commonly used IV device
Two-part flexible cannula in tandem with a rigid needle or stylet, which is used to puncture and insert the catheter into the vein
Connects with a clear chamber that allows for visualization of blood return, indicates successful venipuncture, and facilitates removal of the needle
Catheter is radiopaque so that it can be easily detected by radiology in case of embolus
38. 38 IV Administration Sets The IV administration set determines the rate at which fluid can be delivered to the patient (i.e. the drop factor)
Extra large (macrobore) tubings are used in emergency surgical and trauma situations for rapid infusion of large volumes of blood or fluid
Extra small (microbore) tubings are used for the delivery of small amounts of precisely controlled fluid or medication for special volume restriction (neonatal care, epidural infusions)
Primary administration sets carry fluid directly to the patient through one tube
Secondary administration sets (also referred to as piggyback sets) are used to deliver continuous or intermittent doses of fluid or medication
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfQbbCx6xFU&feature=related
39. Objective SixDemonstrate peripheral venipuncture and discontinuation of IV push(*Lab Practice)
40. Objective SevenDemonstrate calculation of IV drip rates and IV dosages
41. The IV flow rate is the speed at which the IV fluid infuses into the body
Often measured in drops per minute (abbreviated “gtt/min”)
Factors affecting the flow rate include:
The amount of fluid to be infused
The time over which it is to be infused
The size of the tubing
The number of drops required to deliver 1 ml of fluid varies with the type of IV administration set (tubing) used; the size of the tubing is called the drop factor
There are 2 types of IV administration sets:
Macrodrip = 10, 15, or 20 gtt/ml
Microdrip = 60 gtt/ml
42. In calculating the flow rate, ratio/proportion cannot be used because there are more than two components to calculate
The dosage calculation formula cannot be used because a dosage is not being calculated
When calculating the flow rate, all rates should be rounded to the nearest whole number
IV Flow Rate Formula:
volume of infusion (in mL) x drop factor = Flow rate time of infusion (in minutes) (in gtt/min)
*Note that time must be converted to minutes, and that the drop factor is in gtt/mL
43. IV Calculation Examples Administer D5 ˝ NS at 30 mL/h. The drop factor is a microdrip.
30mL x 60gtt/mL = 30gtt/min
60min
An IV medication in 60 mL of 0.9% NS is to be administered in 45 minutes. The drop factor is a microdrip.
60mL x 60gtt/mL = 80gtt/min
45min
44. Examples (cont’d) Administer 3,000 mL D5 ˝ NS in 24 hours. The drop factor is 10 gtt/mL.
3000mL x 10gtt/mL = 21gtt/min
1440min
Administer Lactated Ringer’s at 125 ml/h. The drop factor is 15 gtt/mL.
125mL x 15gtt/mL = 31gtt/min
60min
45. Examples (cont’d) 1,000 mL of Lactated Ringer’s solution is to infuse in 16 hours. The drop factor is 15 gtt/mL.
1000mL x 15gtt/mL = 16gtt/min
960min
Infuse 2,000 mL D5W in 12 hours. The drop factor is 15 gtt/mL.
2000mL x 15gtt/mL = 42gtt/min
720min
46. Electronic Flow Rate When using an electronic infusion device (IV pump), the flow rate is calculated in milliliters per hour (mL/h)
To find mL/h, you must divide the total milliliters by the total hours
You would then round your final answer to the nearest whole
Examples --
1000 mL in 8 hours = 1000/8 = 125mL/h
500 mL in 24 hours = 500/24 = 21mL/h
If an order is given without total milliliters, this becomes a dose calculation; you would use ratio-proportion, dimensional analysis, or the Formula
47. Recalculating the Flow Rate Sometimes the IV infusion rate changes due to a change in the patient’s position
If you notice that the flow rate needs to be adjusted, assess the client and determine the percentage of change needed to correct the infusion
Please note that you can adjust the infusion flow rate by no more than 25% without consulting the physician or practitioner
In order to determine the percentage of increase or decrease of the flow rate:
Determine the actual change in the flow rate
Divide by the original flow rate
Multiply by 100
48. Examples of IV Recalculation Original infusion order : 1000mL D5W IV to infuse over the next 10 hours.
Infusion start time: 1300 hours. Drop factor = 10. Hourly rate = 100mL/h. Flow rate = 17gtt/min.
At 1430 hours, the infusate level is at 900mL. 150mL should have already infused, leaving 850mL remaining to infuse over the next 8 ˝ hours.
The IV would be recalculated as follows:
900mL = 106mL/h – 100mL/h = 6mL/h
8.5h
6mL/h = 0.06 x 100 = 6% increase
100mL/h
49. Recalculation Examples (cont’d) Original infusion order : 1000mL D5W IV to infuse over the next 8 hours.
Infusion start time: 0900 hours. Drop factor = 15. Hourly rate = 125mL/h. Flow rate = 31gtt/min.
At 1200 hours, the infusate level is at 850mL. 375mL should have already infused, leaving 625mL remaining to infuse over the next 5 hours.
The IV would be recalculated as follows:
850mL = 170mL/h – 125mL/h = 45mL/h
5h
45mL/h = 0.36 x 100 = 36% increase
125mL/h
50. Titrating Medications Titrating means to adjust the medication until it brings about the desired effect
Always start with the low end of “safe” and increase dosage from there
Follow institutional protocol for titrating medications
Titrated medications are calculated in the same way as non-titrated drugs
An example of a titration order would be:
A client weighing 50 kg is to receive a Dobutrex solution of 250 mg in 500 mL D5W ordered to titrate between 2.5–5 mcg/kg/min
51. Titration Calculation Examples In the previous order, the initial dose would be set at the low end of safe. Therefore, the client will receive 2.5mcg/kg/min of the ordered medication, and will receive no more than 5mcg/kg/min.
The client’s weight is 50kg.
50 x 2.5 = 125mcg/min safe range of drug
50 x 5 = 250mcg/min
Per IV pump, the client would receive the minimum dosage of 7500mcg/h, or 7.5mg/h:
250mg = 500mL = 250 X mg/mL = 7.5mg(500mL)
7.5mg X mL
X = 3750mg/mL = 15mL (initial dose is 15mL/h)
250mg
52. Objective EightDemonstrate safe administration of medications and IV piggyback medications(*Lab Practice)