Power System Planning, Basic Principles

1. Power System Planning, Basic Principles

2. Outlines • Introduction • Power System Elements • Power System Structure • Power System Studies, a Time-horizon Perspective • Power System Planning Issues

3. Introduction Power system planning problem in terms of the issues involved from various viewpoints: • The methods to be used; • The elements to be affected; • The time horizon to be observed, etc.

4. Power System Elements • Generation facilities • Transmission facilities • Substations • Network (lines, cables) • Loads

5. Power System Structure • Generation (small solar cell or a diesel generator to a very giant nuclear power plant) • Interface(the interfaces between the generations and the loads may comprise of several voltages, such as 20, 63, 132, 230, 400, 500 kV or even higher) • Transmission(for example, 230 kV and higher) • Sub-transmission (for example, 63, 132 kV, and similar) • Distribution(for example, 20 kV and 400 V). • Load (a small shop/home to a large industrial complex)

6. Power System Studies, a Time-horizon Perspective Time-horizon perspective of power system studies

7. Power System Planning Issues • StaticVersus DynamicPlanning • TransmissionVersus DistributionPlanning • Long-termVersus Short-termPlanning • Basic Issues in Planning

8. Power System Planning: Definition Power system planning is a process in which the aim is to decide on newas well as upgrading existing system elements, to adequately satisfy the loads for a foreseen future. • Generation facilities • Substations • Transmission lines and/or cables • Capacitors/Reactors

9. Power System Planning: Objectives The decision should be • Whereto allocate the element (for instance, the sending and receiving end of a line), • Whento install the element (for instance, 2015), • Whatto select, in terms of the element specifications (for instance, number of bundles and conductor type).

10. Static Versus Dynamic Planning • Static planning: Focuses on planning for a single stage. Static planning leads to impractical results for the period as the solutions for a year cannot be independent from the solution from the preceding years. One way to solve the problem is to include the results of each year in the studies for the following year. This may be referred to as semi-static, semi-dynamic, quasi-static or quasi-dynamic planning. • Dynamic planning: Focus on all stages, simultaneously, so that the solution is found for all stages at the same time. Dynamic planning solution can be more optimal in comparison with the semi-static planning solution.

11. Transmission Planning Versus Distribution Planning • Distribution level is often planned; or at least operated, radially. • Both transmission and distribution networks comprise of lines/cables, substationsand generations. • Due to specific characteristic of a distribution system (such as its radial characteristics), its planning is normally separated from a transmission system, although much of the ideas may be similar. • In the TEP problems the transmission and the sub-transmission levels are considered.

12. A typical radial distribution network

13. Long-term Versus Short-term Planning • Normally, <1year falls into the operational planning and operational issues in which the aim is typically to manage and operate available resources in an efficient manner. • More than 1 year falls into the planning stages. • If installing new equipment and predicting system behavior are possible in a shorter time (for instance, for distribution systems, 1–3 years), the term of short-term planning maybe used. • More than that (3–10 years and even higher) is called long-term planning (typically transmission planning) in which predicting the system behavior is possible for these longer periods.

14. Basic Issues in Planning • Load Forecasting • Generation Expansion Planning • Substation Expansion Planning • Network Expansion Planning • Reactive Power Planning • Planning in Presence of Uncertainties

15. Load Forecasting • Short term depend on temperature, day of week used for Operational purpose • Midterm • Long-termdepend on Population rate increase, Gross Domestic Product used for Planning

16. Generation Expansion Planning • What types of power plants do we have to install (thermal, gas turbine, nuclear, etc.)? • Wheredo we have to install the power plants (distributed among 5 specific buses, 10 specificbuses, etc.)? • What capacities do we have to install (5 × 1000 MW, or 2 ×1000 MW and 6 ×500 MW, or …)? • Security or Reliability Criterion: As there may be an outage on a power plant (either existing or new), should we install extra generations to account for these situations? If yes, what, where and how?

17. Substation Expansion Planning • Expanding the existing ones, • Installing some new ones. Difficulties: • Those constraints due to the upward grid, feeding the substations, • Those constraints due to the downward grid, through which the substation supplies the loads, • Those constraints due to the factors to be observed for the substation itself.

18. Network Expansion Planning Network Expansion Planning (NEP) is a process in which the network (transmission lines, cables, etc.) specifications are determined. • Networkis a mediafor transmitting the power, efficiently and in a reliable manner from generation resources to the load centers. • As inputs to the NEP problem, GEP and SEP results are assumed to be known.

19. Reactive Power Planning • Where to install these devices? • Whatcapacities do we have to employ? • What types do we have to use?

20. Planning in Presence of uncertainties • The electric power industry has moved towards a market oriented environment in which the electric power is transacted in the form of a commodity. • Now the generation, transmissionand distributionare unbundled and may belong to separate entities.