Midterm 5 November 2013 In class 60 minutes -start 0830 6 questions –5 points each

1. Midterm 5 November 2013 In class 60 minutes -start 0830 6 questions –5 points each From lecture 1 until end of atherosclerosis(lecture 6) inclusive.

2. Schedule for projects (groups/topics/order of presentation) Student presentations (2) each worth 10 % 20% any nutritional assessment topic of your choice 20 minutes in length 5 marks for each of: a)      grammar, punctuation, expression and presentation (presentation includes asking and answering questions) b)      logic       c) relating topic to material presented in class d) conclusions

3. For presentations, please follow lecture topics format of pathologies I have taught- any questions? Please send your presentations to me via email in advance of your talk if you will be using power point. Please ask that I acknowledge receipt of your presentations.

4. Student presentations 22 October and 19 November 2013.

5. The Lecture 6- 15 October 2013 ATHEROSCLEROSIS

6. Outline of today’s talk IV. First Nations and other Cape Breton individuals at risk V. How is nutritional assessment made for atherosclerosis? VI. How would one assess from a nutritional perspective the socioeconomics, pathology and success of nutritional interventions relative to atherosclerosis?

7. IV. First Nations and other Cape Breton individuals at risk Aboriginal persons-thrifty (efficient) genes Slavic persons-high fat traditional diets UK descent (Scots, Irish)-high fat traditional diets

8. IV. First Nations and other Cape Breton individuals at risk Retired Unemployed Genetics Others?

9. IV. First Nations and other Cape Breton individuals at risk Alcohol consumption moderate consumption- reduced risk of heart disease or death attributed to it among women aged 40 or over

10. IV. First Nations and other Cape Breton individuals at risk Alcohol consumption women who reported consuming 2-9 drinks in the week before they were interviewed had less than half the chance of being diagnosed with heart disease or dying from it over the next four years compared to women who were lifetime abstainers

11. IV. First Nations and other Cape Breton individuals at risk Alcohol consumption moderate consumption- reduced risk of heart disease or death attributed to it among women aged 40 or over

12. IV. First Nations and other Cape Breton individuals at risk Alcohol consumption among women 40 or older, 11 % of lifetime abstainers and 14 percent of former drinkers were newly diagnosed with heart disease or died from it

13. IV. First Nations and other Cape Breton individuals at risk Alcohol consumption only 4 percent of light drinkers and about 3 percent of moderate drinkers were diagnosed with heart disease or died from it

14. IV. First Nations and other Cape Breton individuals at risk Alcohol consumption above associations were not shown for men

15. IV. First Nations and other Cape Breton individuals at risk Alcohol consumption 13 % of women were lifetime abstainers compared with only 6 percent of men. A higher proportion of women than men reported drinking occasionally, but men were more likely than women to report moderate or heavy consumption

16. IV. First Nations and other Cape Breton individuals at risk Alcohol consumption a number of other factors were significantly associated with heart disease -men and women aged 55 and over had higher chances of being diagnosed with heart disease or dying from it that those aged 40-54

17. IV. First Nations and other Cape Breton individuals at risk Alcohol consumption a number of other factors were significantly associated with heart disease -family history was strongly predictive of the condition -physical activity has a protective effect

18. IV. First Nations and other Cape Breton individuals at risk Alcohol consumption a number of other factors were significantly associated with heart disease -men who reported having diabetes had more than 2x the chance of being diagnosed or dying from it than men who were not diabetic

19. IV. First Nations and other Cape Breton individuals at risk Alcohol consumption a number of other factors were significantly associated with heart disease -men who were overweight or obese in had greater chances of diagnosis or death from heart disease than those men with acceptable weight

20. IV. First Nations and other Cape Breton individuals at risk Alcohol consumption a number of other factors were significantly associated with heart disease -women classified as overweight however had lower odds of a new diagnosis of heart disease compared with women whose weight was classified as acceptable

21. IV. First Nations and other Cape Breton individuals at risk Alcohol consumption a number of other factors were significantly associated with heart disease -there was no clear link between obesity and heart disease for women

22. Break

23. V. How is nutritional assessment made relative to atherosclerosis? Nutrient Intake Analysis < 10 % of fat as saturated fat < 35 % of total calories as fat reduce trans-fatty acid intake total kcals consumed should match caloric requirements

24. Perspectives and Guidelines National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Cholesterol Education Program

25. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality American Academy of Family Physicians American Academy of Insurance Medicine American Academy of Pediatrics American Association of Occupational Health Nurses American Association of Office Nurses American College of Cardiology American College of Chest Physicians American College of Nutrition American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine American College of Preventive Medicine American Diabetes Association, Inc. American Dietetic Association American Heart Association American Hospital Association American Medical Association American Nurses Association American Osteopathic Association American Pharmaceutical Association American Public Health Association American Red Cross Association of Black Cardiologists Association of State and Territorial Health Officials Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Citizens for Public Action on Blood Pressure and Cholesterol, Inc. Coordinating Committee for the Community Demonstration Studies National Cholesterol Education Program Coordinating Committee Health Resources and Services Administration National Black Nurses Association, Inc. National Cancer Institute National Center for Health Statistics National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Medical Association NHLBI Ad Hoc Committee on Minority Populations Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Society for Nutrition Education Society for Public Health Education U.S. Department of Agriculture U.S. Department of Defense U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) U.S. Food and Drug Administration

26. CHD Outcomes in Clinical Trials of LDL Cholesterol-Lowering Therapy Mean CHD CHD No. No. Person- cholesterol Incidence Mortality Intervention trials treated years reduction (%) (% change) (% change) Surgery 1 421 4,084 22 -43 -30 Sequestrants 3 1,992 14,491 9 -21 -32 Diet 6 1,200 6,356 11 -24 -21 Statins 12 17,405 89,123 20 -30-29 Source: This table is adapted from the meta-analysis of Gordon, 2000.

27. Risk Assessment Count major risk factors • For patients with multiple (2+) risk factors • Perform 10-year risk assessment • For patients with 0–1 risk factor • 10 year risk assessment not required • Most patients have 10-year risk <10%

28. Major Risk Factors (Exclusive of LDL Cholesterol) That Modify LDL Goals • Cigarette smoking • Hypertension (BP 140/90 mmHg or on antihypertensive medication) • Low HDL cholesterol (<40 mg/dL)† • Family history of premature CHD • CHD in male first degree relative <55 years • CHD in female first degree relative <65 years • Age (men 45 years; women 55 years) †HDL cholesterol 60 mg/dL counts as a “negative” risk factor; its presence removes one risk factor from the total count.

29. Diabetes In ATP III, diabetes is regarded as a CHD risk equivalent.

30. CHD Risk Equivalents • Risk for major coronary events equal to that in established CHD • 10-year risk for hard CHD >20% Hard CHD = myocardial infarction + coronary death

31. Diabetes as a CHD Risk Equivalent • 10-year risk for CHD  20% • High mortality with established CHD • High mortality with acute MI • High mortality post acute MI

32. CHD Risk Equivalents • Other clinical forms of atherosclerotic disease (peripheral arterial disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and carotid artery disease [symptomatic or >50% stenosis]) • Diabetes • Multiple risk factors that confer a 10-year risk for CHD >20%

33. Risk Category CHD and CHD riskequivalents Multiple (2+) risk factors Zero to one risk factor LDL Goal (mg/dL) <100 <130 <160 Three Categories of Risk that Modify LDL-Cholesterol Goals

34. Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes in LDL-Lowering Therapy Major Features • TLC Diet • Reduced intake of cholesterol-raising nutrients (same as previous Step II Diet) • Saturated fats <7% of total calories • Dietary cholesterol <200 mg per day • LDL-lowering therapeutic options • Plant stanols/sterols (2 g per day) • Viscous (soluble) fiber (10–25 g per day) • Weight reduction • Increased physical activity

35. Benefit Beyond LDL Lowering: The Metabolic Syndrome as a Secondary Target of Therapy General Features of the Metabolic Syndrome • Abdominal obesity • Atherogenic dyslipidemia • Elevated triglycerides • Small LDL particles • Low HDL cholesterol • Raised blood pressure • Insulin resistance ( glucose intolerance) • Prothrombotic state • Proinflammatory state

36. Diagnosis of the Metabolic Syndrome Any 3 of the following: • Waist circumference >40 inches (men), >35 inches (women) • Triglycerides 150 mg/dL • HDL <40 mg/dL (men), <50 mg/dL (women) • BP 130/85 mm Hg • Fasting glucose >100 mg/dL

37. Metabolic Syndrome (continued) Therapeutic Objectives • To reduce underlying causes • Overweight and obesity • Physical inactivity • To treat associated lipid and non-lipid risk factors • Hypertension • Prothrombotic state • Atherogenic dyslipidemia (lipid triad)

38. ATP III GuidelinesGoals and TreatmentOverview

39. Primary Prevention With LDL-Lowering Therapy Public Health Approach • Reduced intakes of saturated fat and cholesterol • Increased physical activity • Weight control

40. Primary Prevention Goals of Therapy • Long-term prevention (>10 years) • Short-term prevention (10 years)

41. LDL Cholesterol Goals and Cutpoints for Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC)and Drug Therapy in Different Risk Categories

42. LDL Level at Which to Initiate Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) LDL Level at Which to Consider Drug Therapy LDL Goal 130 mg/dL (100–129 mg/dL:drug optional) <100 mg/dL 100 mg/dL LDL Cholesterol Goal and Cutpoints for Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) and Drug Therapy in Patients with CHD and CHD Risk Equivalents (10-Year Risk >20%)

43. LDL Cholesterol Goal and Cutpoints for Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) and Drug Therapy in Patients with Multiple Risk Factors (10-Year Risk 20%)

44. LDL Goal LDL Level at Which to Initiate Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) LDL Level at Which to Consider Drug Therapy <160 mg/dL 160 mg/dL 190 mg/dL (160–189 mg/dL: LDL-lowering drug optional) LDL Cholesterol Goal and Cutpoints for Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) and DrugTherapy in Patients with 0–1 Risk Factor

45. LDL-Lowering Therapy in Patients With CHD and CHD Risk Equivalents Baseline LDL Cholesterol: 130 mg/dL • Intensive lifestyle therapies • Maximal control of other risk factors • Consider starting LDL-lowering drugs simultaneously with lifestyle therapies

46. LDL-Lowering Therapy in Patients With CHD and CHD Risk Equivalents Baseline (or On-Treatment) LDL-C: 100–129 mg/dL Therapeutic Options: • LDL-lowering therapy • Initiate or intensify lifestyle therapies • Initiate or intensify LDL-lowering drugs • Treatment of metabolic syndrome • Emphasize weight reduction and increased physical activity • Drug therapy for other lipid risk factors • For high triglycerides/low HDL cholesterol • Fibrates or nicotinic acid

47. LDL-Lowering Therapy in Patients With CHD and CHD Risk Equivalents Baseline LDL-C: <100 mg/dL • Further LDL lowering not required • Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) recommended • Consider treatment of other lipid risk factors • Elevated triglycerides • Low HDL cholesterol • Ongoing clinical trials are assessing benefit of further LDL lowering

48. LDL-Lowering Therapy in Patients With Multiple (2+) Risk Factors and 10-Year Risk 20% 10-Year Risk 10–20% • LDL-cholesterol goal <130 mg/dL • Aim: reduce both short-term and long-term risk • Immediate initiation of Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) if LDL-C is 130 mg/dL • Consider drug therapy if LDL-C is 130 mg/dL after 3 months of lifestyle therapies

49. LDL-Lowering Therapy in Patients With Multiple (2+) Risk Factors and 10-Year Risk 20% 10-Year Risk <10% • LDL-cholesterol goal: <130 mg/dL • Therapeutic aim: reduce long-term risk • Initiate therapeutic lifestyle changes if LDL-C is 130 mg/dL • Consider drug therapy if LDL-C is 160 mg/dL after 3 months of lifestyle therapies

50. LDL-Lowering Therapy in Patients With 0–1 Risk Factor • Most persons have 10-year risk <10% • Therapeutic goal: reduce long-term risk • LDL-cholesterol goal: <160 mg/dL • Initiate therapeutic lifestyle changes if LDL-C is 160 mg/dL • If LDL-C is 190 mg/dL after 3 months of lifestyle therapies, consider drug therapy • If LDL-C is 160–189 mg/dL after 3 months of lifestyle therapies, drug therapy is optional