Energy balance & weight management

1. Energy balance & weight management 1

2. in the human body ,the various metabolic process converted ,stored chemical energy in our foods to other forms of energy for the body work . • energy is available in four basic forms of life { chemical ,mechanical ,electrical ,thermal }. • `over ultimate source of power is the sun . • Chemical energy is changed to electrical energy in brain & nerve activity , it changed to mechanical energy in muscle contraction ,it changed to thermal energy in the regulation body temp. 1

3. Types of energy • 1- free energy : at any given moment in the performance of task ,it is unbound & motion . • 2- potential energy : in the energy that is stored or bound in the various chemical compounds available for conversion to free energy as needed for work . • The basic input of energy comes from our food . • Physical energy output is evident in our activities

4. controls agent regulate cell activities : • @enzymes: • all enzymes protein compounds . • they are produced in the cell ,under control of specific genes . • each specific gene controls the making of specific enzyme . • there are thousands of enzymes in each cell . • each enzyme works on its own particular substance . • @ co-enzyme : • Many reactions require partner to assist the enzyme in completing the reaction . • These co-enzyme involve several of vits especially B- complex vits & mineral . • @hormones: • Hormones act as messenger to triggering or control enzyme action as : TSH; control on metabolic action . • Insulin ;act on glucose utilization . • Steroid ;regulate the cell activity to syntheses enzymes .

5. **source of stored energy : • when food is not available in case of fasting or starvation the body take energy from his storage • 1* glycogen : found in the liver & muscle . • 2*muscle mass: protein exists in limited amount in muscle mass . • 3* dispose fat tissue. • N.B: one Kcal equal 4.184 KiloJol • Mega joule = 239Kcal • 1gm of beverage alcohol yield 7Kcal 1

6. Obesity • excess body weight . • over weight . • fatness an excessive accumulation of fat in the body . • body 50%water ,25% fat ,20% lean body mass ,5% minerals • but it differ 1

7. * gender : woman have more fat tissue ,men has more muscle mass . • *age : younger adult have more lean body mass & less fat than do older adult . • *physical exercise : physical activities less fat • *race : black women have more mineral mass than do white women . • * climate : those in cold climate have more s.c fat than in those in hot tropical area . • *weight extreme : obese person have excess fat in relation to lean body mass . • Male : 47.7Kg ,150cm • Female : 45Kg ,150cm • 1Kg = 2.2 lb [ pound ]

8. ** adverse effect of obesity : • hyper tension • D.M { NIDDM} • Hyper cholestrolemia • Coronary heart disease • Cancer colon , rectum, in male prostate , in female uterus ovaries cervix & gall bladder .

9. ** causes of obesity : • @ genetic metabolic factors • Familial ,hereditary , foods habit & attitude • @psychological factors • @ social { sedentary life } • @ physiological factors early puberty , pregnancy ,after menopause

10. management of obesity : • put personal program of diet requiem. • programme of activities & exercise • manage stress without eat • change attitude toward food • eat nutritional balance rich in CHO ,fiber , starch • diet moderate in sugar • protein & fat in accepted amount • focus on plant fat

11. ** eating disorder • @ aneroxia nervosa : • self induced starvation • among adolescent girls • fear of weight gain • refuse to eat ,even they may be hungry • They often perceive them selves to be fat • Severely under weight , emaciated • Malnutrition & require hospitalization • @ bulimia nervosa : • among young women • ingestion of large amount of food & induced vomiting .

12. *** extreme of under weight : • Associated with poverty • poor living condition • associated with long term disease . • lead to growth retardation & failure to thrive . • causes ; • wasting disease , fever , cancer • poor food intake , decrease appetite • mal absorption due to prolonged diarrhea , GIT disease , abuse of laxative • hormonal imbalance hyper thyrodism • energy imbalance ,increase physical activity , decrease energy intake • poor living situation irregular ,inadequate meat

13. ** treatment : • -high calories • - high protein • -high CHO • - moderate fat