VNIIZhT ( Russian Railway Research Institute )

1. Energy-saving technologies for refrigerated rolling stock that meets international environmental standards S.N. Naumenko, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Head Department of Railway Electrification and Power Supply, VNIIZhT VNIIZhT (Russian Railway Research Institute)

2. Accelerated method of determining the coefficient of heat transmission in the body of a refrigerated transport vehicle Aim:to reduce (several times) the length of time taken to conduct tests Area of application: bodies of refrigerated transport vehicles (wagons, containers, motor vehicles, locomotives, aeroplanes…) Advantages of the method: • Reducing length of time for tests • Reducing energy consumption • Increasing productivity of test stations Comparison of duration of tests Tests of refrigerated transport vehicles are conducted in accordance with the “Agreement on international transport of perishable foodstuff products on special transport vehicles designed for this transport”, ratified by 40 countries Technological tests of locomotive cabin at test station

3. Energy-saving mechanisms in refrigeration Freon Oil Modifier Fig. 1. A layer of oil on the surface of the heat exchanger prevents heat loss. Fig. 2. Modifier molecules extract oil molecules from the surface layer, thereby increasing the coefficient of heat loss.

4. Results of experiments on ZIL domestic refrigerators ZIL 277 refrigerators’ energy consumption Addition of “LE” modifier to R12 monofreon reduces power consumption by 8–12% Relative power consumption by ZIL 64 refrigerator Addition of “LE” modifier to C10M1 mixed freon reduces power consumption by 8% on average

5. Energy-saving technology is being introduced on the railway network LE class freons were awarded a diploma and gold medal at the 57th World Innovation Salon (Brussels, 2004) M1LE freon in the MAB-II air conditioning unit

6. Refrigeration units’ energy consumption rates • In developed countries, various types of refrigerating machines consume up to 15% and more of the annual total energy generated. • In the USA, such expenditure exceeds the total energy produced in France in one year, and a 1 per cent saving in the energy consumption of Canada’s refrigeration installations could save 100,000 tonnes of oil per year. • The rate of growth in the refrigerated climate equipment market in some countries is reaching 20–30% per year. • Russia is experiencing a steady rate of growth – 25% per year.

7. Design of 52PzV-350 AGM sealed battery with thermostatic control 1 – accumulator block 2 – electrodes block 3 – metal radiator 4 – heating element 5, 6 – accumulator block electrodes 7 – thermoswitch 8 – actuator (starter) component 9 – support grid for electrodes 10 – accumulator block cover 11 – connecting wires with protective insulation

8. Change in charging rate and charge of wagon (sealed) normal type PzV350-400 (Gel and AGM) lead-acid accumulators I, A Uch U3, В 70 2,7 whent =-40оС 60 2,6 50 2,5 Ich 40 2,4 30 2,3 Qоtd -15Аh 0 2 6 t, hour 4 8 Meeting of the Russian Railways fuel and energy section|04 August 2011

9. Change in charging rate and charge of wagon (sealed) accumulators after modernisation U3, В I, A Uch 70 2,7 when Т=-40оС 60 2,6 50 2,5 Ich 40 2,4 Qоtd-150Аh 30 2,3 0 2 6 4 8 t, hour Meeting of the Russian Railways fuel and energy section|04 August 2011

10. Train line Reefers line Reefers line socket at terminal Train line socketat terminal System concept CONVERTER 17

11. Thank you for your interest