Internet Vulnerabilities & Criminal Activity

1. Internet Vulnerabilities & Criminal Activity 2.2 – 9/19/2011 What is Cyberspace? The History of the Internet (Sexual) Addiction to the Internet

2. WHAT IS CYBERSPACE?

3. In the Beginning, ARPA created the ARPANET. And the ARPANET was without form and void. And darkness was upon the deep. And the spirit of ARPA moved upon the face of the network and APRA said, “Let there be a protocol,” and there was a protocol. And ARPA saw that it was good. Danny Cohen - http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history

4. Changes the Internet wrought • Changed communications world wide as never before • Broadcasting • Dissemination • Collaboration • Benefit of sustained R&D of information infrastructure • Government • Academia • Industry

5. Four Aspects of Internet History • Technological Evolution • Operations & Management • Social Aspect • Commercialization Aspect

6. Defense Advanced Research Project Agency - (D)ARPA • Created in 1958 as response to surprise Soviet launch of Sputnik • Responsible for high-tech R&D • Part of which was the ARPANET • Still functioning today • http://www.darpa.mil/index.html

7. The 1960’s • JCR Licklider - National Galactic Information Infrastructure • Envisioned a global network of interconnected computers • Leonard Kleinrock - 1961, packet switching theory • October 1962, Licklider becomes first head of DARPA computer research program • Licklider followed by Ivan Sutherland, then Robert Taylor

8. The 1960’s cont. • 1968 - ARPANET specs released • UCLA selected as first node • Stanford Research Institute (SRI) selected as second • October 1969 - First host to host message sent • UC Santa Barbara & University of Utah become 3rd and 4th nodes

9. The 1970’s • December 1970 - initial host-to-host protocol completed • Network Control Protocol (NCP) • 1971 - 1972 Network users began to develop applications • 1972 - ARPANET demonstrated to the public • 1972 - First “hot” app, electronic mail developed by Ray Tomilinson of BBN

10. The 1970’s cont. • 1973 - Bob Kahn & Vint Cerf begin work on new network protocol • Each network would by stand alone • Dropped packets would be resent • Routers/gateways would connect networks • No global control at the operational level • New protocol became TCP/IP • DNS development begins • 1978 - ARPANET experiment formally completed • 1979 - USENET begins

11. The 1980’s • 1982 - term “Internet” used for the first time • January 1, 1983 - ARPANET switches from NCP to TCP/IP • 1984 - DNS introduced • 1986 NSFNET announces it will provide for all academic networking • Uses TCP/IP protocol • Allowed to link to ARPANET • Formed backbone of what would become the Internet

12. The 1980’s cont. • 1988 - Morris worm invades the Internet, CERT formed in response • 1989 - First Internet Service Providers (ISPs) • 1989 - First commercial e-mail (Compuserve) • Tim Berners-Lee at CERN is Switzerland proposes hyperlink system for information

13. The 1990’s • 1990 - ARPANET decommissioned • 1991 - WWW released by CERN • 1992 - Term “Surfing the web” coined • 1993 - InterNIC created by NSF to provide specific Internet services • 1993 - White House goes online • 1995 - NSFNET reverts to research network • 1996 - Browser war - Netscape vs. Microsoft

14. The Internet Today • A commodity service supporting other commercial services • One of the main ways information is exchanged • How will change/evolution be managed? • What does all this mean for law enforcement ?

15. Sources • A Brief History of the Internet - http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml • DARPA History - http://www.darpa.mil/history.html • Internet History - http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/

16. Internet Addiction “[A]n impulse-control disorder that does not involve an intoxicant” “Internet Addictions: The Emergence of a New Clinical Disorder”. Young (1998)

17. Pre-Existing Conditions • Depression • Anxiety • Stress • Social Isolation • ADD – Attention Deficient Disorder • Feeds already existing addictions • Gambling • Sex

18. Internet Addiction Symptoms • Excessive use of the Internet • Lack of sleep • Fatigue • Poor grades/job performance • Apathy • Racing thought • Reduced social interactions

19. Sexual Addiction “[A] progressive intimacy disorder characterized by compulsive sexual thoughts and acts. “ “What is Sexual Addiction?”. Herkov

20. Sexual Addiction Behaviors • Compulsive masturbation (self stimulation) • Multiple affairs (extra-marital affairs) • Multiple or anonymous sexual partners or one-night stands • Consistent use of pornography • Unsafe sex • Phone or cyber sex • Prostitution / use of prostitutes • Exhibitionism • Voyeurism • Stalking • Sexual harassment • Molestation / Rape

21. Sex and the Internet • Easy affordable access to pornography • Many different media and forms • Many forums for exotic fantasies / bizarre behaviors – paraphilia • Rape, torture, degradation, mutilation • Anonymity and disinhibition • May or may not be illegal

22. Typology of Cybersex Users • Recreational User • Sexually Compulsive User • At-Risk User

23. At-Risk User • No prior history of sexual problems • Develops problem due to the Triple A’s • Accessibility, Anonymity, Affordability • Stress-Reactive • Uses online sexual behavior to escape stress • Depressive • Uses online sexual behavior for relief of chronic depression • Fantasy • Uses online sexual behavior to experience situations that would not be encountered in real life

24. Societal Problems from Cybersexual Activity • Children’s exposure to pornography • Objectification of women • Perceptions of infidelity • Loss of real intimacy • Economic loss to businesses

25. Problems for Law Enforcement • Child pornography • Child exploitation • Sexual solicitation of children in chat rooms • Sexual deviant subcultures • Online prostitution • Obscenity v. 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech

26. Sources • “Internet Addictions: The Emergence of a New Clinical Disorder” - http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237 • “Internet Addiction Disorder” - http://www.minddisorders.com/Flu-Inv/Internet-addiction-disorder.html • “What is Sexual Addiction - http://psychcentral.com/lib/2006/what-is-sexual-addiction/