The Age of Absolutism: Habsburg and Bourbon Dynasties in Europe

1. CHAPTER 17 LESSON 1 NOTES: THE AGE OF ABSOLUTISM (1550 – 1800): [A 16th to 19th century period of time when European monarchs took autocratic control, causing religious, civil, and political wars] THE HAPSBURG DYNASTY RULES SPAIN H.R. Emperor Charles V is the grandson of Spain’s Ferdinand and Isabella, who are known for their successful efforts during the time period called the Reconquista]

2. Charles V as HolyRoman Emperor; inherits Spanish monarchy as King Charles I • heir to Austrian & Sp. Hapsburg empire that includes the Netherlands & the Americas • adopts law called the PeaceofAugsburg in1555 during the ProtestantReformation that first began in the HRE (each German prince chooses his state’s religion of either • Catholicism or • Lutheranism • son, Philip II, inherits all except the H.R.E. in 1556

3. PHILIP II [husband to England’s “Bloody” Mary Tudor]

4. Philip II rules Spain for the next 42 years, expanding Hapsburg influence, strengthening the Christian religion of Catholicism, • reigning as an absolute, divineright monarch from his palace/monastary/church, the Escorial

5. gains Portugal & its colonies, giving Philip II a world-wide empire • defends Catholicism by defeating Muslim forces at the Battle of Lepanto in Ionian Sea off coast of Greece Iberian Peninsula P o r t u g a l Spain

6. increases efforts of the Catholic Church’s Inquisition Courts to search out and try heretics according to canon law • leads Spain’s GoldenAge: founds academies of science / mathematics; participates as an art patron [supporter] • was a conspirator in the Babington Plot to assassinate last Tudor ruler of England, • Protestant Queen Elizabeth I and to replace her with dethroned Scottish queen, Mary Stuart, Catholic heir-apparent to the throne of England; • plot fails; Mary Stuart, is tried for treason in England and beheaded

7. loses the Invincible Armada; defeated by England’s Elizabeth I in1588

8. loses the Spanish Netherlands: is defeated by military leader, WilliamofOrange (“the Silent”) the “Father” of the Netherlands with use guerrilla warfare and the strategy of flooding the Dutch lowlands to drown the enemy: William establishes an Independent Dutch republic, called the “United Provinces the Netherlands” which accepts all religious faiths • Philip II’s successors weak; contributed to the economic and political decline of Spain by the 17thcentury • France replaces Spain as the leading European power

9. THE BOURBON DYNASTY RULES FRANCE The arms of the House of Bourbon One Bourbon king says, “I am the trendsetter in art, lit, architecture, & clothing styles for Europe for more than a half a century”

10. the first Bourbon king converts from Calvinism as a Huguenot to Catholicism but the king then • passes the Edict of Nantes, granting religious freedom to his former Huguenot association, thereby bringing peace to France

11. Louis XIII

12. chooses Catholic CardinalRichelieu as his most able chief minister who uses the more loyal middle class, the bourgeoisie • in government positions rather than the power-hungry French nobles [a lover of 14 cats] “The Cardinal made provision for all his cats, and their two attendants in his will, but sadly, as soon as he died, the soldiers of his Swiss Guard burned the poor creatures to death as vengeance for the many witches and their cats that Richelieu had put to death in his lifetime.” [in 16th & 17th centuries, France put to death 75,000 witches & their cats, if they could be caught]

13. Richelieu’s major goal is to increase the power of the French Bourbons in Europewhile at the same timeweakening the power of the Austrian Hapsburg dynasty by: • helping to defeat the Austrian Hapsburgs in the ThirtyYears’ War (1618 – 1648) that began in the H.R.E. between Catholics and Calvinists in which France’s Catholic Cardinal Richelieu supports the Protestant side; • the Peace of Westphalia ends the war, recognizing Calvinism in the H.R.E. and allowing the French Bourbons to become Europe’s leading power, having now defeated the Hapsburgs

14. Louis XIV • rules as the “SunKing” rules for 72 yrs. From 1643 to 1715; Catholic, absolute, and a divine right king, who claims “I am the state” • “When France sneezes, all of Europe catches cold.” (while Louis XIV rules) [Louis XIV - crowned by Providence, defended by angels, trampling his enemies](Charles Lebrun, 1677) 

15. centralizes his government at the PalaceofVersailles[just 20 miles outside Paris]

16. acquires a valuable region called Alsace, rich in coal and iron • bases French economy on a strong favorable balanceoftrade, exporting more goods rather than importing too many goods • revokes the EdictofNantes, forcing many Huguenots to flee their • homeland, demanding all in France to practice • Catholicism

17. causes a balanceofpower struggle called the War of the SpanishSuccession • Louis claims empty throne of Spain causing a panic in Europe because two Bourbon kings would be sitting side by side, causing power to favor France France Spain

18. the GrandAlliance that includes Britain & Prussia, defeats France, thus, preventing two Bourbon kings from ruling side by side; • Treaty of Utrecht ends conflict and allows France to keep Alsace if Louis agrees to never unite Spain & France under one monarchy: • Hohenzollern dynasty of Prussia, becomes independent of the H.R.E. and the Hapsburgs; Find Prussia. What city is located within Prussia? Hohenzollern coat of arms

19. GreatBritain becomes #1 colonial & • naval power in Europe • Louis XIV dies at the age of 77, leaving a weakened France to his 5-yr. old great-grandson, Louis XV in 1715 takes throne at age 16

20. CHAPTER 17 TEST REVIEW SHEET • 1. Which age is characterized by religious, civil, and • political conflicts in Europe that were led by divine right rulers? • Absolutism • Which ruler centralized his government from the Escorial, increased the efforts of the Catholic Inquisition, and his Armada was defeated by England? • Philip II  • Which Iberian territory gave this Spanish king a world-wide empire? • Portugal • Which religious group did Philip’s Catholic forces defeat at Lepanto? • Muslims • 5. Which Hapsburg possession revolted against Philip • with the use of guerrilla warfare and flooding its lowlands? • the Netherlands

21. How did Henry IV of France bring peace to his country? • passed the Edict of Nantes, giving religious freedom to Huguenots • Cardinal Richelieu worked to increase the power of the __ Dynasty and worked to weaken the __Dynasty. • Bourbon / Hapsburg • a. Which Catholic French king was an absolute monarch who was known as the “Sun King?” • Louis XIV • b. Why was he named the Sun King? • he claimed to be the center of the universe • Which territory acquired by France was rich in coal and iron? • Alsace

22. NAME THE LEADER WHO: 14. became known as the Father of the Netherlands – William of Orange (“the Silent”) 21. married “Bloody” Mary Tudor and unified Catholic Spain and England – Philip II NAME THE COUNTRY THAT: 29. led Europe during the 72-year reign of its Sun King – France IDENTIFY THE TERM OR LAW THAT: 39. is a French Calvinist – Huguenot 42. is the French middle class – bourgeoisie 45. allowed Catholics and Lutherans to practice their religions freely in the H.R.E. – Peace of Augsburg 47. gave religious freedom to French Calvinists – Edict of Nantes