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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. Late Antiquity and the Emergence of Medieval Civilization. Timeline. The Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine. Political Reforms Division of the Empire Military Reforms Reorganization and enlargement of the army Economic and Social Trends Imperial finances

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 Late Antiquity and the Emergence of Medieval Civilization

  2. Timeline

  3. The Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine • Political Reforms • Division of the Empire • Military Reforms • Reorganization and enlargement of the army • Economic and Social Trends • Imperial finances • Coercion and loss of individual freedom • Constantine’s Building Program • Building of Constantinople (324 – 330)

  4. Map 7.1: Division of the Late Roman Empire, c. 300

  5. The Empire’s New Religion • Conversion of Constantine • Church Organization and Religious Disputes • Bishops • Heresy • Arianism • Council of Nicaea (325)

  6. The End of the Western Empire • Huns pressure Germanic tribes to move westward • Visigoths • Sack of Rome (410) • Burgundians • Vandals • Odoacer deposes last Roman Emperor (476)

  7. Map 7.2: German Migration Routes

  8. The Germanic Kingdoms • The Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy • Theodoric (493 – 526) • Byzantine invasion (535 – 554) • Lombard invasion (568) • The Visigothic Kingdom of Spain • Coexistence between Romans and Germans • Warrior caste • No procedure for choosing rulers • The Frankish Kingdom • Clovis (c. 482 – 511) • Converts to Catholic Christianity c. 500 • Frankish Kingdom divided into 3 parts in 6th and 7th centuries • Fusion of Gallo-Roman and Frankish Peoples • Anglo-Saxon England • Angles and Saxons invade England in early 5th century

  9. Map 7.3: The Germanic Kingdoms of the Old Western Empire

  10. The Society of the Germanic Peoples • Germanic Law • Blood feud • Wergeld • Compurgation and ordeal • The Frankish Family and Marriage • Family at the center of social organization • Marriage • Engagement ceremony • Women

  11. Development of the Christian Church • The Church Fathers • Augustine (354 – 430) • The City of God • The Confessions • Jerome (345 – 420) • The Power of the Pope • Leader of the Western Christian Church • Leo I (r. 440 – 461) and the Petrine supremacy

  12. Church and State • Growing Power of Church Officials • Role of bishops in imperial government • Ambrose of Milan (c. 339 – 397) • Weakness of political authorities in Italy • Pope Gregory the Great (r. 590 – 604) • Papal states • Expansion of papal authority

  13. The Monks and Their Missions • Monachus = one who lives alone • Saint Antony (c. 250 – 350) • Saint Simeon Stylite • Benedictine Monasticism • Saint Benedict of Nursia (c. 480 – c. 543) • Benedictine Rule • The Abbot (“father”) • Nuns

  14. Monks as Missionaries • Irish Monasticism • Saint Columba (521 – 597) • Iona • Roman Mission to England (Augustine the monk) • Boniface (c. 680 – 755) mission to Frisia, Bavaria, and Saxon

  15. Women and Monasticism • Double Monasteries • Saint Hilda founds monastery of Whitby (657) • Nuns as Missionaries • Leoba founds convent at Bischofsheim (Germany)

  16. Christian Intellectual Life in the Germanic Kingdoms • Cassiodorus (c. 490 – c. 585) • Divine and Human Readings • Seven Liberal Arts • Trivium • Quadrivium • The Venerable Bede (c. 672 – 735) • Ecclesiastical History of the English People (731)

  17. Map 7.4: The Spread of Christianity, A.D. 400-800

  18. The Reign of Justinian (527 – 565) • Belisarius and the Restoration of the Roman Empire • Corpus Iuris Civilis (“Body of Civil Law”) • Intellectual Life • Procopius (c. 500 – 562) • The Empress Theodora • Actress and prostitute • Influence in government • The Emperor’s Building Program • Rebuilt after riot in 532 • Commercial Center and Trade • Palace Complex • Church of Hagia Sophia (537) • Hippodrome

  19. Map 7.5: The Byzantine Empire in the Time of Justinian

  20. From Eastern Roman to Byzantine Empire • Problems left by Justinian • Threats on the Frontiers • Muslims • Battle of Yarmuk (636) • Bulgars • The Byzantine Empire in the Eighth Century • Greek and Christian State • Conflict over the use of icons • Power of the emperor • Split with the Western Germanic Kingdoms

  21. The Library at Ephesus

  22. The Rise of Islam • The Arabs • Bedouins (nomads) • Allah – Ka’ba • Mecca and Trade

  23. Typical buildings in Sa'naa – Arabian Peninsula

  24. Muhammad and Islam • Muhammad (570 – 632) • Born in Mecca – caravan manager • Hegira (Journey to Medina in 622) • Submission to the will of Allah • Qur’an (Koran) • 114 Chapters • Five Pillars of Islam • Shari’a (Islamic Law)

  25. The Spread of Islam • Abu Bakr becomes caliph (632) • Razzia • Jihad • Attacks against Byzantines and Persians • Assassination of Caliph Ali • Muawiya becomes caliph (661) • Umayyad Dinasty • Damascus becomes capital • Shi’ites, followers of Ali • Sunnites, supporters of the Umayyads • Conquer North Africa and much of Spain • Battle of Tours (732) • Attack on Constantinople and defeat (717 – 718)

  26. Map 7.7: The Expansion of Islam

  27. Ceiling of the Mihrab ChapelGreat Mosque of Cordoba, Spain.

  28. Discussion Questions • How did the Germanic tribes differ from the Romans? • What role did the Christian Church play in filling the vacuum left by the passing of the Roman Empire? • Why was monasticism so important and influential in Europe during the first millennium? • How successful was Christianity in converting the non-Christian peoples of Europe? • What was the place of women in the Christian world in the early middle ages? • What was Justinian’s impact on the history of the Byzantine Empire? • Why was Islam able to expand so quickly and widely?

  29. Web Links • The Sutton Hoo Society • Virtual Tour of monasteries • Augustine of Hippo • Byzantine Studies on the Internet • Hagia Sophia: Chronicle of the Great Church • Exploring Ancient World Cultures – Islam • The Rightly Guided Caliphs

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