1 / 56

Announcements

Announcements. Reading for next class: Chapter 20 Cosmos Assignment 2, Due Wednesday, April 14 Angel Quiz. Questions:. Black Holes Star-Gas-Star cycle Halo, halo stars, halo vs. bulge, halo vs disk Spiral arms Do dying stars come back as the same star? superbubbles. Halo Stars:

paul
Download Presentation

Announcements

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Announcements • Reading for next class: Chapter 20 • Cosmos Assignment 2,Due Wednesday, April 14 • Angel Quiz

  2. Questions: • Black Holes • Star-Gas-Star cycle • Halo, halo stars, halo vs. bulge, halo vs disk • Spiral arms • Do dying stars come back as the same star? • superbubbles

  3. Halo Stars: 0.02-0.2% heavy elements (O, Fe, …) only old stars Disk Stars: 2% heavy elements stars of all ages

  4. What do your classmates see? To answer this need to know a little of Einstein’s theory of Motion and Gravity: • Gravity is Motion in Warped Space - Time • You can’t tell the difference between acceleration by gravity and any other constant acceleration • E = mc2, energy and mass are same thing measured in different units

  5. Mass warps Space - TimeWarped Space - Time tells Mass how to Move Forget time, think just about warped space

  6. Orbits in Warped Space - Time c = circular, e = elliptical, u = unbounded

  7. Elevator & Rocket

  8. Gravity = AccelerationLight Beam in an Elevator or Gravity

  9. Gravity Attracts LightLight generates Gravity Reasonable since E = mc2 • Black Holes Gravity attracts light • Light loses energy escaping from environs of a Black Hole. Convert radiation energy to gravitational potential energy. • Escaping Light is redshifted to longer wavelengths and periods

  10. Your classmates would see you slow down as you approached the BH event horizon • Can use period of light as a clock • Redshifted light oscillates with a longer period • Time appears to run slower near event horizon • You would appear to stop and hover (& fade out) as you approached the Event Horizozn

  11. What would you notice as you passed the Event Horizon Nothing special • For you time does not slow down in a BH. • You quickly crash into the previous matter inside the BH(But you couldn’t tell us about it)

  12. What can we know about Black Holes? • Nothing can escape from inside an Event Horizon • Long range forces can exert influence outside Event Horizon • Gravity • Electric Force • Can determine: • Mass • Charge • Spin

  13. Mini Black Holes can Evaporate Mini BH produce strong tides (stellar BH don’t have strong enough tides) • Lose energy by work of tidal gravity on material outside the event horizon • Since energy = mass, they lose mass and get smaller • Evaporate

  14. The Milky Way,our galaxy Beginning of Unit IV: Cosmology Milky Way - chapter 19

  15. What does my building look like?

  16. Milky Waysmall portion from the winter sky

  17. First Idea: Count stars in different directions,more stars -> larger extent.What Assumption is made? Sun Kapteyn Model of Milky Way, 1922

  18. Question 1:What Assumptions were made? • Stars are clustered in a disk • Stars are evenly distributed in space • Stars are clustered near the Sun • We see all the stars in the Milky Way

  19. Question 1:What Assumptions were made? • Stars are clustered in a disk • Stars are evenly distributed in space • Stars are clustered near the Sun • We see all the stars in the Milky Way

  20. What was missing? • We don’t see all the stars, because some are hidden by interstellar clouds of gas & dust • The stars are not evenly distributed in space (but this is not as important)

  21. Mosaic View, does give good idea of MW structure All-Sky View

  22. Familiar Constellations

  23. Dusty gas clouds obscure our view because they absorb visible light This gas is the interstellar medium that makes new stars

  24. Infrared light passes more easily through dusty gas clouds This gas is the interstellar medium that makes new stars

  25. Infrared Light

  26. Milky Way has DISK shape • Stars are concentrated into a disk, but some stars above and below the disk • Neutral Hydrogen gas is concentrated in disk

  27. MilkyWayCartoon

  28. Stars in the disk orbit in the same direction with a little bobbing up & down

  29. Stars in the bulge & halo have randomly oriented orbits

  30. Question 2: Why do orbits of disk stars bob up and down? A. They’re stuck to the interstellar medium B. Gravity of disk stars pulls toward disk C. Halo stars knock them back into disk

  31. Question 2: Why do orbits of disk stars bob up and down? A.They’re stuck to the interstellar medium B. Gravity of disk stars pulls toward disk C.Halo stars knock them back into disk

  32. Life of a Galaxy:Gas -> Star -> Gas cycle • Gas clumps together by gravity -> stars • Stars produce heavy elements by fusion • Stars die and return processed gas to space • Enriched gas clumps together by gravity • New stars

  33. Life of a Galaxy:Gas -> Star -> Gas cycle Hot, ionized gas - one million K Warm neutral gas - 10,000 K (most is here) Cool neutral gas - 100 K Molecular clouds - 30 K Molecular cores - 6 K Gas Cools STAR FORMATION

  34. X-ray map of sky shows hot gas high above and far below galactic disk

  35. X-ray map of sky shows hot gas high above and far below galactic disk Hot gas eventually cools to form atomic hydrogen and settles into disk

  36. Additional cooling makes the gas cold enough to form molecules Hot gas eventually cools to form atomic hydrogen and settles into disk

  37. Additional cooling makes the gas cold enough to form molecules Darkest regions of Milky Way correspond to these dense clouds. That is where stars form!

  38. Hot, Blue, Massive MS starsheat and ionize the gas around them

  39. Massive, hot, blue MS stars ionize the gas around them Produce ionization nebula

  40. Recycling Stellar Material-Low mass stars blow off winds & eject envelopes

  41. Recycling stellar Material -High mass stars explode as supernova

  42. Recycling Stellar Material Stellar Winds and Supernova return stellar material, as hot gas, to the Interstellar Medium (gas between the stars) ENRICHED in Heavy Elementsproduced during nuclear fusion & supernova explosions

  43. Gas -> Star -> Gas cycle

  44. Disk: ionization nebula & blue stars = star formationHalo: no ionization nebula or blue stars = no star formation

  45. Halo Stars: 0.02-0.2% heavy elements (O, Fe, …) only old stars Disk Stars: 2% heavy elements stars of all ages

  46. Where do stars form? Much of star formation in disk happens in spiral arms Whirlpool Galaxy

  47. Question 3: How can we study the Center of the Milky Way? • By observing it in x-rays • By observing it in ultraviolet light • By observing it in visible light • By observing it in infrared light • By observing it in radio light Choose all that apply

  48. Question 3: How can we study the Center of the Milky Way? • By observing it in (very energetic) x-rays • By observing it in ultraviolet light • By observing it in visible light • By observing it in infrared light • By observing it in radio light Choose all that apply

More Related