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PHYS 1443 – Section 003 Lecture #1

PHYS 1443 – Section 003 Lecture #1. Monday, Aug. 25, 2003 Dr. Jae hoon Yu. Who am I? How is this class organized? What is Physics? What do we want from this class? Brief history of physics Chapter one Uncertainties and Significant Figures Standards and units Estimates

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PHYS 1443 – Section 003 Lecture #1

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  1. PHYS 1443 – Section 003Lecture #1 Monday, Aug. 25, 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu • Who am I? • How is this class organized? • What is Physics? • What do we want from this class? • Brief history of physics • Chapter one • Uncertainties and Significant Figures • Standards and units • Estimates • Dimensional Analysis Today’s homework is homework #1, due 1pm, next Wednesday!! PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  2. Who am I? • Name: Dr. Jaehoon Yu (You can call meDr. Yu) • Office: Rm 242A, Science Hall • Extension: x2814, E-mail: jaehoonyu@uta.edu • My profession:High Energy Physics (HEP) • Collide particles (protons on anti-protons or electrons on anti-electrons, positrons) at the energies equivalent to 10,000 Trillion degrees • To understand • Fundamental constituents of matter • Interactions or forces between the constituents • Creation of Universe (Big Bang Theory) • A pure scientific research activity • Direct use of the fundamental laws we find may take longer than we want but • Indirect product of research contribute to every day lives; eg. WWW PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  3. Matter Molecule Atom Nucleus Baryon Quark (Hadron) u Electron (Lepton) High Energy Physics Structure of Matter 10-14m 10-9m 10-10m 10-15m <10-19m 10-2m Condensed matter/Nano-Science/Chemistry protons, neutrons, mesons, etc. p,W,L... top, bottom, charm, strange, up, down Atomic Physics Nuclear Physics <10-18m PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  4. Discovered in 1995 Directly observed in 2000 The Standard Model • Assumes the following fundamental structure: PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  5. CDF p DØ Tevatron p Fermilab Tevatron Accelerator http://www.fnal.gov/ Chicago  • World’s Highest Energy proton-anti-proton collider • Ecm=1.96 TeV (=6.3x10-7J/p 1.3MJoule) PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  6. How does an Event Look in a Collider Detector? Highest ET dijet event at DØ CH “calorimeter jet” hadrons FH  EM “particle jet” Time “parton jet” PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  7. Information & Communication Source • My web page: http://www-hep.uta.edu/~yu/ • Contact information & Class Schedule • Syllabus • Holidays and Exam days • Evaluation Policy • Class Style & homework • Other information • Primary communication tool is e-mail: Register for PHYS1443-003-FALL03 e-mail distribution list as soon possible • Office Hours: 2:30 – 3:30pm, Mondays and Wednesdays PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  8. Primary Web Page PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  9. PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  10. PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  11. Evaluation Policy • Term Exams: 50% • Total of three term exams • Best two of the three will be chosen • Each will constitute 25% of the total • Missing an exam is not permissible unless pre-approved • No makeup test • Lab score: 20% • Homework: 15% • Pop-quizzes: 15% • Extra credits: 10% of the total • Random attendances • Strong participation in the class discussions • Other many opportunities • Will be on sliding scale unless everyone does very well PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  12. Homeworks • Solving chapter problems is the only way to comprehend class material • An electronic homework system has been setup for you • Details are in the material distributed today • https://hw.utexas.edu/studentInstructions.html • Roster will close next Wednesday, Sept. 3 • Each homework carries the same weight • Home work will constitute 15% of the total A good way of keeping your grades high PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  13. Attendances and Class Style • Attendances: • Will be taken randomly • Will be used for extra credit • Class style: • Lectures will be on electronic media • The lecture notes will be posted AFTER each class • Will be mixed with traditional methods • Active participation through questions and discussions are STRONGLY encouraged  Extra credit…. PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  14. Why do Physics? Exp.{ Theory { • To understand nature through experimental observations and measurements (Research) • Establish limited number of fundamental laws, usually with mathematical expressions • Predict the nature’s course • Theory and Experiment work hand-in-hand • Theory works generally under restricted conditions • Discrepancies between experimental measurements and theory are good for improvements • Improves our everyday lives, though some laws can take a while till we see amongst us PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  15. What do we want from this class? • Physics is everywhere around you. • Understand the fundamental principles that surrounds you in everyday lives… • Identify what law of physics applies to what phenomena… • Understand the impact of such physical laws • Learn how to research and analyze what you observe. • Learn how to express observations and measurements in mathematical language. • Learn how to express your research in systematic manner in writing • I don’t want you to be scared of PHYSICS!!! PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  16. Brief History of Physics • AD 18th century: • Newton’s Classical Mechanics: A theory of mechanics based on observations and measurements • AD 19th Century: • Electricity, Magnetism, and Thermodynamics • Late AD 19th and early 20th century (Modern Physics Era) • Einstein’s theory of relativity: Generalized theory of space, time, and energy (mechanics) • Quantum Mechanics: Theory of atomic phenomena • Physics has come very far, very fast, and is still progressing, yet we’ve got a long way to go • What is matter made of? • How do matters get mass? • How and why do matters interact with each other? • How is universe created? PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  17. { Syst. Uncertainties • Physical measurements have limited precision, however good it is, due to: • Number of measurements • Quality of instruments (meter stick vs micro-meter) • Experience of the person doing measurements • Etc • In many cases, uncertainties are more important and difficult to estimate than the central (or mean) values Stat.{ PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  18. Significant Figures • Significant figures denote the precision of the measured values • Significant figures: non-zero numbers or zeros that are not place-holders • 34 has two significant digits, 34.2 has 3, 0.001 has one because the 0’s before 1 are place holders, 34.100 has 5, because the 0’s after 1 indicates that the numbers in these digits are indeed 0’s. • When there are many 0’s, use scientific notation: • 31400000=3.14x107 • 0.00012=1.2x10-4 PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  19. Significant Figures • Operational rules: • Addition or subtraction: Keep the smallest number ofdecimal place in the result, independent of the number of significant digits: 34.001+120.1=154.1 • Multiplication or Division: Keep the smallest significant figures in the result: 34.001x120.1 = 4083, because the smallest significant figures is 4. PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  20. Needs for Standards and Units • Basic quantities for physical measurements • Length, Mass, and Time • Need a language that everyone can understand each other • Consistency is crucial for physical measurements • The same quantity measured by one must be comprehendible and reproducible by others • Practical matters contribute • A system of unit called SI (SystemInternational) established in 1960 • Length in meters (m) • Mass in kilo-grams (kg) • Time in seconds (s) PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  21. SI Units Definitions 1 m(Length) = 100 cm One meter is the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second. 1 kg (Mass) = 1000 g It is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram, made of platinum-iridium in International Bureau of Weights and Measure in France. 1 s (Time) One second is the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the Cesium 133 (C133) atom. Definition of Base Units • There are prefixes that scales the units larger or smaller for convenience (see pg. 7) • Units for other quantities, such as Kelvins for temperature, for easiness of use PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  22. International Standard Institutes • International Bureau of Weights and Measure http://www.bipm.fr/ • Base unit definitions: http://www.bipm.fr/enus/3_SI/base_units.html • Unit Conversions: http://www.bipm.fr/enus/3_SI/ • US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) http://www.nist.gov/ PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  23. Examples 1.3 & 1.4 • Ex 1.3: A silicon chip has an area of 1.25in2. Express this in cm2. • Ex 1.4: Where the posted speed limit is 65 miles per hour (mi/h or mph), what is this speed (a) in meters per second (m/s) and (b) kilometers per hour (km/h)? (a) (b) PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  24. Estimates & Order-of-Magnitude Calculations • Estimate = Approximation • Useful for rough calculations to determine the necessity of higher precision • Usually done under certain assumptions • Might require modification of assumptions, if higher precision is necessary • Order of magnitude estimate: Estimates done to the precision of 10s or exponents of 10s; • Three orders of magnitude: 103=1,000 • Round up for Order of magnitude estimate; 8x107 ~ 108 • Similar terms: “Ball-park-figures”, “guesstimates”, etc PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  25. Examples 1.8 Estimate radius of the Earth using triangulation as shown in the picture when d=4.4km and h=1.5m. Pythagorian theorem d=4.4km Solving for R R R+h PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  26. Dimension and Dimensional Analysis • An extremely useful concept in solving physical problems • Good to write physical laws in mathematical expressions • No matter what units are used the base quantities are the same • Length (distance) is length whether meter or inch is used to express the size: Usually denoted as[L] • The same is true for Mass ([M])and Time ([T]) • One can say “Dimension of Length, Mass or Time” • Dimensions are used as algebraic quantities: Can perform algebraic operations, addition, subtraction, multiplication or division PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  27. Dimension and Dimensional Analysis • One can use dimensions only to check the validity of one’s expression: Dimensional analysis • Eg: Speed [v] = [L]/[T]=[L][T-1] • Distance (L) traveled by a car running at the speed V in time T • L = V*T = [L/T]*[T]=[L] • More general expression of dimensional analysis is using exponents: eg. [v]=[LnTm] =[L]{T-1] where n = 1 and m = -1 PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

  28. Dimensionless constant Length Speed a r v Examples • Show that the expression [v] = [at] is dimensionally correct • Speed: [v] =L/T • Acceleration: [a] =L/T2 • Thus, [at] = (L/T2)xT=LT(-2+1) =LT-1 =L/T= [v] • Suppose the acceleration a of a circularly moving particle with speed v and radius ris proportional to rn and vm. What are n and m? PHYS 1443-003, Fall 2003 Dr. Jaehoon Yu

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