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Memory Semantic Memory Outline Models of Semantic Memory Hierarchical Network Model Spreading Activation Network Model Schemas & Scripts Semantic Memory: Hierarchical Model Collins & Quillian Semantic Memory is organized as a network of Units (nouns): shark, robin
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Memory Semantic Memory
Outline • Models of Semantic Memory • Hierarchical Network Model • Spreading Activation Network Model • Schemas & Scripts
Semantic Memory: Hierarchical Model • Collins & Quillian • Semantic Memory is organized as a network of • Units (nouns): shark, robin • Properties (verbs or adjs): is yellow • Pointers: specify relations between units
Living Thing Breathes Animal Plant Feathers Bird Mammal Ostrich Barks Dog Bat Canary Yellow
Hierarchical Network Model • Using semantic memory = searching through network for relevant information. • Assumptions: • Cognitive Economy • Searching the network takes time • More distance => more time • Advantages? Disadvantages?
Hierarchical Network Models: Evidence • Reaction Time • Sentence verification task • A canary is yellow. • A canary breathes.
Living Thing Breathes Animal Plant Feathers Bird Mammal Ostrich Barks Dog Bat Canary Yellow
Hierarchical Network Models: Evidence • Problems • Typicality effects • An ostrich is a bird. • A canary is a bird.
Living Thing Breathes Animal Plant Feathers Bird Mammal Ostrich Barks Dog Bat Canary Yellow
Hierarchical Network Models:Problems • False sentences • A bat is a plant. • A bat is a bird.
Living Thing Breathes Animal Plant Feathers Bird Mammal Ostrich Barks Dog Bat Canary Yellow
Spreading Activation Networks • Collins & Loftus • Also involves nodes and links. • Links need not be hierarchical. • Activation spreads between nodes. • Further = weaker • Activation speeds processing • Allows for more flexible representations.
Spreading Activation Networks: Evidence • Meyer & Schvaneveldt • Priming • Change in readiness to perform a task resulting from prior information about the task. • Facilitation (positive priming) • Inhibition (negative priming) • Lexical Decision Task • Stimulus is presented. • Task is to decide whether it’s a word. • Interested in time that decision takes.
Lexical Decision Task NURSE
Lexical Decision Task PLAME
Lexical Decision Task NURSE <======RT=======> ”Yes” PLAME <================> ”No”
Schemas • Large unit of representation that organizes relations among concepts, situations, events, and/or actions in memory. • Jane heard the jingling of the ice cream truck. She ran to get her piggy bank and started to shake it. Finally some money came out.
Schemas • How old is Jane • Why did she get the money? • Did she turn her piggy bank upside down? • Did bills come out? • How big was the piggy bank? • Where was the piggy bank located?
Scripts • Script: “A knowledge structure containing the sequence of events that usually occurs in a particular common situation.” • Going to the Dentist • Going to a Restaurant • Taking an Exam
Schemas & Scripts: Implications • Integration: Info from specific events combined with general knowledge • Experience shapes scripts • Scripts guide recall • Advantages & Disadvantages • Implications for Episodic-Semantic distinction?