Sentence structure

Sentence structure Skill focus: The production of grammatically correct, structurally sound and meaningful sentences.

Development of clause structure in writing: • pre-conjunction (sequence alone) • rudimentary (conjunction plus sequence) • subordinated clauses • embedded clauses – hierarchical and logical order predominant. Kress (1994)

Sentence Structure intro • Sentences have a verb, and the verb usually has a subject and object.

Sentence Structure intro Miranda held the book. • Verb - held • Subject – Miranda (Who or what held?) • Object – the book • Subject may be implied (Go!) • Object may not be needed (She ran.)

Incorrect sentences - one • long and rambling: I woke up to find that I had grown long beautiful hair and was wearing a fantastic new ball gown and the crown had changed to be made of silver and when I ran to look out of the window I was looking at a completely new place and there were horses and glittering streams and birds all over the place and I was extremely happy about all that but I did not know anyone there at all. This sentence needs to be broken up into a number of smaller sentences.

Incorrect sentences - two • fragment Because I went there. In themountains during winter and just before the snow begins to fall. • Verb errors The crystal broken. (this could be fixed by the insertion of was broken, is broken, will be, can’t be, broke etc) He must of gone to the shop. (must have)

Simple and compound sentences • I found the plates. They looked awful. (simple) • They were chipped and had lots of cracks. (compound) • I picked them up butIcould not hold them. (compound) The compound examples given here use linking words (and and but) to join two separate ideas. The two sections of the compound sentence can be written in the other order without changing the position of the linking word or the meaning of the clauses. • They had lots of cracks and were chipped. • I could not hold them but I picked them up.

Complex sentences A complex sentence has a main clause and at least one dependent clause. It has two or more verbs. The main clause can stand alone. The other clauses depend on the main clause for meaning. There are many different types of dependent clause.

Binding words and complexity Sometimes it is hard to decide if a sentence is compound or complex when the two parts are joined by a common word such as because. Because is an example of a binding conjunction which triggers a complex sentence. I am hungry. I am going to eat. (2 simple sentences) I am going to eat because I am hungry.(complex sentence)

Binding words and complexity Unlike the examples with the conjunctions and or but the two sections of the sentence using becausecannot be moved while leaving because in the same place as it changes the meaning. Because needs to travel with the dependent clause: Because I am hungry, I am going to eat. (complex with the dependent clause in the first position) One test for whether a clause is using a binding conjunction is to consider whether the clause and its conjunction can be moved to the first position (before the main clause).

Binding words and complexity If it is a complex relationship then: 1. the binding word 'sticks' to the rest of the clause and has to be moved with it AND 2. it makes sense when you move it to first position: The boys finished their soccer game because the bell rang. Because the bell rang, the boys finished their soccer game. So here we have complexity because the clause needs the conjunction AND because it works in first position.

More binding words This is why if works to make a complex sentence: If I take you will you stop crying? Will you stop crying if I take you? but and then does not: I picked it up and then I hugged it. And then I hugged it, I picked it up. However ‘and then’ does work to create a compound sentence: I picked it up and then I hugged it. I hugged it and then I picked it up.

So and complexity Is ‘so’ a binding conjunction? The bell rang so the boys finished their soccer game. So the boys finished their soccer game, the bell rang. This sentence now has a different meaning. To move to the first position this sentence needs a different verb form: So that the boys WOULD finish their soccer game, the bell rang.complex This substantially changes the meaning of the sentence. Although 'so' is bound to the second part of the sentence for meaning, the clause does not move to first position without a change to the sentence and so does not create complexity in the first example. When the ‘so’ actually means ‘so that’ you do get a complex sentence.

So that and complexity 'So that' is different again: I paid for a driving lesson so (that) you would learn to drive(complex) So (that) you would learn to drive, I paid for a driving lesson(complex) If you think the joining word or words might be a trigger for complexity try the first position clause test as above. If it works, (taking the conjunction with the clause to first position) it is complex. If it does not then it is compound.

Dependent clause types Adverbial clauses work like adverbs to modify a verb (for example to give more information about place, time, condition purpose and reason). Adjectival clauses modify (or give more information about) nouns. Verbless clauses do not have a verb but the verb is understood when we read the sentence. Eg: Although usually late, Jane arrived on time today. (Thiscould be written as: Although she was usually late…) Non-finite clauses use non-finite verbs. A finite verb has tense, for example: I sent a card. (past tense) To send a card… however has a non-finite (or timeless) verb (not fixed in a particular time).

Complex sentences - examples I ran to the window because I needed to escape. (adverbial clause using a binding conjunction) Because I needed to escape, I ran to the window. (adverbial clause in the first position) The hat, which was colourful, lay on the floor.(adjectival) In this example the dependent clause cannot be moved to the first position.

Complex sentences - examples When I awoke, I was terrified. (adverbial in first position) She fell from the cliff, clawing at the air(non-finite – see next slide)as she plummeted to her untimely death. (adverbial)

Complex sentences - examples I went looking for my grandmother (in order)to ask her about the car.(non-finite) A finite verb has tense, for example ‘I sent a card.’ ‘To send a card…’ however has a non-finite (or timeless) verb (without tense).

The use of thinking and saying verbs allow 2 verbs in a sentence: I said that I was… I thought that I might go… I decided that I would take... I wondered whether it was moving… These constructions are common in spoken language. In written language the use of this type of construction does not align with development of sophisticated control of sentences. While technically they make grammatically complex sentences, for the application of this rubric, they are NOT considered complex.

Activity 1 - Building complex sentences Create 3 separate complex sentences using the simple sentence groups below: 1.The dog smelleddisgusting. He was covered in mud and slime. 2.The magician is very old. He knows many tricks. 3. We landed with a bang. We fell out onto the ground. We were not hurt.

Activity 1 – possible answers • The dog smelled disgusting because he was covered in mud and slime. • The magician who knows many tricks is very old. • Although we landed with a bang and fell onto the ground, we were not hurt.

Activity 2 – identifying sentences Answer these questions for each example given in Activity 2 – use the handout of sentences to write your answers. Answers are given on the next slides. The dependent clauses are underlined in the solutions. Main (independent) clauses are blue. • Is the sentence correct? • Is it simple or compound or complex? If it is complex: • What is the main clause? • What kind of dependent clause does it have?

Activity 2 solutions 1 • Dark Magic is all around us. simple • Many princesses like to live in castles. Some princesses like to live in swamps. two correct simple sentences • I had a suitcase full of weapons and I was incredibly strong. compound

Activity 2 solutions 2 • The kingwho was threatening me, adjectival clicked his fingers at the guard. • It was a very bad ideabecause the noise woke up the crocodile.adverbial • Five minutes later I heard the noise again. simple (only one verb) • I ran to the oval but I couldn’t see them anywhere. compound

Activity 2 solutions 3 • While the others were sleeping adverbialI crept out and stole the diamond. • After talking to him for a whilenon-finite (adverbial) in first positionIasked if he was my uncle.

Activity 2 solutions 4 • You must not go into that room because there is a monster in thereadverbialthat could kill you. adjectival (2 dependent clauses) • Ducking for cover found shelter under a rock. incorrect – missing subject • I entered the castleby crossing the drawbridge adverbial and was surprised by what the inside was like. It looked like a child’s fantasy from a Disney animation.Two correct sentences – one simple and one complex. The first sentence also has a compound element (and) and two independent clauses.

Activity 2 solutions 5 • When they realised she was getting sicker,adverbial in first positionJenny stopped to restwhile Pete, who was a fast runner, adjectivalwent for help. adverbial NOTE:While Pete went for helpis adverbial. The adjectival clause is embedded in it. • The potion made me do strange thingsI did not understand. adjectival

Activity 2 solutions 6 • The tiger became vicious, slashing at the ropes. non-finite • Caught in the trap, non-finite in first positionthe tiger became vicious, slashing at the ropes with its claws and growling ferociously.non-finite • I decided complaining wasn’t the answer. A goodsimple sentence (this is an example of the thinking or saying verb leading to two verbs in a sentence but not creating complexity). • Although usually curious, this time I decided not to touch the animals.verbless in first position

Sentence structure