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Home Water Treatment

Home Water Treatment. Conventional & new low cost options Henk Holtslag Urs Heierli www.300in6.org. Why HWT?. Diarrhoea kills more young children than AIDS + malaria + measles (UNICEF 2009) Water from piped systems often not safe (Re)contamination between source & use

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Home Water Treatment

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  1. Home Water Treatment • Conventional & • new low cost options • Henk Holtslag • Urs Heierli • www.300in6.org

  2. Why HWT? • Diarrhoea kills more young children than AIDS + malaria + measles (UNICEF 2009) • Water from piped systems often not safe • (Re)contamination between source & use • High benefits; 60 x investment (WHO 2008) • Only way to reach all 84% of unserved live in in rural areas. (UNICEF 2008) • Safe water seems most effective to reduce poverty (UN university 2008)

  3. Proposition • Water quality problems of the MDG • target group can be solved with a • one-time investment of $2 / capita

  4. The problem 880 mln. without access to a safe water source and many more drink unsafe water • 1 Volume < 20 l /day/pp • 2 Distance > 500 meter • 3 Quality • - Turbidity, (40% of 880?) • - Pathogens, Viruses • - Arsenic, Pesticides, ..

  5. More water? Harvest rainwater with; • Aquifer recharge • - Sand, contour dams • - Vegetation, Vertiver • - Tube recharge, $5/50m3 Rooftop harvesting - Wire cement tanks, $20/m3 - Plastic lined tank

  6. Reduce distance? • Repair existing pumps • - 50% of piston pumps broken Upgrade hand dug wells • - with a recharge, cover, low cost • hand pump, filter Increase manual drilling • - Jetting, Augering • - Rota sludge, Baptist. $200-$500 • - Mac Perfor $400 – $1000 /bore

  7. Lessons learned for sustainability • Repairability • Simple, affordable, available • Adapt technology to the people • Not the other way around • Profit for all involved, private sector • Profit based sustainability, supply chain • 3 Cs for marketing: Cost, .. • Simple is not easy

  8. Low cost HWT options • Disinfection • - Boiling, chlorine, Sodis, UV, PUR,.. • - New; Watasol, Twinoxide, Silverdyne, • Plation, Silver tube Filters • - Candle or drip filters, Bisosand, Potfilters • - New; Pureit, Swach,Life straw, Siphon filter

  9. Data on next slides • Users = estimated number of users by 2009 • Price = retailprice in shops • Cost = cost / person / year • (based on 3 liters of • drinkingwater/ person/ day) • + = Advantages • - = Disadvantages

  10. Boiling • Number of users; 400 mln.? • Cost/pp/year; 1 kg wood/liter • + Advantages • - Easy • - Very effective - Disadvantages • - High cost; if people have to buy wood • - Time; to cool down • - Taste; flat taste • - Danger; accidents with hot water • - Indoor pollution (20- ? % of cooking is for water) • - Deforestation, CO2 emission

  11. SODIS • Bacteria eliminated in 6 hours • Users: 1 – 2 mln. Cost: $0 - $.. • + • - Low cost • - Second use of bottles • - Bottles available in many places - • - Requires much social marketing (most stop 3 months after training) • - Not a market product • (Nobody earns money)

  12. Chlorine • Users; 10 - 20 ? Mln. • Price: $ 0.5 - $ 2 • Cost; $ 0.3 - $ 1 • + • - Eliminates Bacteria & Viruses • - Low monthly investment - • - Taste, smell • - Health effects in long term? • - Requires routine • - Liquid has short shelf life

  13. Local Chlorine production • WATASOL • Users; over 0.5 Million • Price; $0.3 - $ 1.0 • Cost; $0.1 - $ 0.5 • + • - Extremely low costs • - Local business development • - Re-use of bottles • - Can be used as disinfectant - • - Requires much training

  14. Disinfectant/Flocculant • Users; 1 mln.? • Price; $0.1- $0.2 (sachet 20 ltr.) • Cost; $5 - $10 • + • - 2 functions • - Small • - Easy transport in emergencies • - Low investment/day - • - High cost/year • - Not easy in use

  15. Twinoxide • Users; 0,2 mln. • Price ; $1 • Cost; $2- $4 • + • - No taste & smell • - No health effects • - “Prevents” malaria - • - Only used in India • - Shelf life three months

  16. Silverdyne • Users; 9 mln. • Price; $3 - $4 • Cost; $1 - $3 • + • - Very effective • - No taste & smell • - No environmental effects • - Ten years shelf life • - Long lasting effect in storage - • - Not widely known

  17. Plation Safe storage • Users; 0.5 ? mln. • Price; $20/unit/20ltr • Cost; $4 - $6 • + • - Extremely simple • - Functions one year - • - High costs

  18. Silver tube, Clay barSilver impregnated ceramic • Users; 1000 • Price; $1 - $5 • Cost; $0.2 - $1 • + • - Simple • - Low cost • - Local production - • - More tests needed

  19. Biosand filter • Users; 1-2 mln. • Price; $20- $30 • Cost; $1- $ 2 • + • - 120 liters/day • - Local production - • - Big, heavy to transport • - Not an off-the-shelf product less attractive for shops • - Needs additional disinfection

  20. Candle Filters (drip filters) • Users; 200 - 300? Mln. • Price; $15 - $100 • Cost; $ 2 - $10 • + • - Includes storage • - Easy to use • - Widely used in Asia & S. America - • - Low filter capacity • - Most cheap models not reliable • - High transport costs • - Cost in Africa > $30

  21. Candle filters • Stefani (Brazil) • Cost in Mozambique $30 - $100 • Production 5 million candles/year

  22. Pot filters • Users; 1.5 – 2 mln. • Price; $12 – $22 • Cost; $ 1.5 - $ 3 • + • - Local production • - Easy to use - • - Big, fragile (transport) • - Less attractive for shops

  23. Pureit As safe as boiled water • Users; 1-2 mln. • Price; $35 • Cost; $4 - $5 • + • - Attractive • - Very effective, EPA std. - • - Expensive for poor families • - Only in India

  24. Swach • Users; New? • Price; $20? • Cost; $2 - $3 • + • - Attractive (Gadget) • - Effective - • - Only available in India • - Expensive for poor families

  25. LifeStraw-Family • Users; 2 - 4? Mln. • Price; $25 - $ ? • Cost; $ 2 - $ ? • + • - Attractive (Gadget) • - Very effective, EPA std. - • - High filling point, 2ltr. cap. • - After 15.000 ltr. complete new filter needed • - Expensive for poor families

  26. Siphon filter • Users; 0.3mln. • Price; $8 - $12 • Cost; $1- $1.5 • + • - Small, easy transport • - 7000 ltr / element • - 60-120 ltr / day • - Reduction bact. 99,99% - • - Not widely known

  27. No option is ‘the’ solution Turbidity Heavy Metals Viruses Bacteria Parasites Pesticides Boiling Filtering Chemicals Combined Chemical (PUR) UV SODIS

  28. HWTs can solve most water quality problems • Clear water from shallow wells + disinfection = safe water • +

  29. Water with Arsenicum, Pesticides, … ? • Rainwater storage + filter = safe water

  30. Challenges • Increase awareness • - Inform policymakers of benefit of HWT, 50% of hospital beds > waterborne diseases • - Inform NGOs and users about new options. Use lessons learned • - Experiences with Life Straw, PUR, etc. • No free products. All should pay to get sustainable supply chains • - Higieene awareness essential • - Poor families need payment options

  31. Information “Marketing Safe Water Systems” • Compares treatment options • Explains what went wrong with upscaling • Suggestions for massive upscaling HWTs A must read!!! www.poverty.ch Author: Urs Heierli

  32. www.AKVO.org Wikipedia for water and sanitation

  33. More opportunities than ever • Because of; • - Effective low cost solutions. ca $2/cap. • (1 time investment) • - Lesson learned in the Ps of marketing • (Product, place, price, people) • - Internet for awareness, monitoring • - Political will • - Funds for water & sanitation

  34. 300 in 6 initiative 300 million people safer water in 6 yearsCosts? Ca $600 million • Possible with: • Lessons learned • 8 New products • Internet for information • New social marketing (CLTS) • Good results – more funding

  35. Safer water for all, yes we can

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