Free Biology Tutoring

1. Free Biology Tutoring Not Happy with your grade? Not understanding the material? Remember that the TLCC has

2. Extra stuff that is on 1st test • Properties of Life (pg. 24-25) • Viruses (pg. 38) • Taxonomy (382-384) • Heterotrophs/autotrophs – 105 • Natural selection (310-312) • Endosymbiosis (57, 68-71) • Autotrophs, heterotroph, photo synthesis & chemosynthesis (p.398)

3. Metabolism Getting, storing and using energy Producers (aka “autotrophs”) produce own food Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Consumers (aka “heterotrophs”) consume other organisms Eat producers or other consumers pg. 14

4. Capturing energy: photosynthesis …and peaaphids!!

5. Evolution(Darwin doesn’t matter) Somebody else would have figured it out (….and did) Details later

6. What Is Evolution Quick overview. We’ll do Unit 3 near end of class Change in a population (not an individual) Two requirements Variation in the population (often random) Selection (NOT random – more info later)

7. Adaptation Organisms better suited to their environment will leave more offspring Population will change over time (evolution) to better fit conditions of environment Adaptive traits and “fitness” pg. 15

8. Why viruses are not “alive” • Growth • Reproduction (need host to do it) • Homeostasis • Sense and respond to stimuli (probably not) • Ability to obtain and use energy Why we don’t use antibiotics for viral infections

9. At least two parts in all viruses If bacteria detect the viral nucleic acids, they will make restriction enzymes to destroy them. We use restriction enzymes in biotech as “sissors” to cut DNA • Nucleic acid core • Protein coat • Many viruses also have capsule made of membranes stolen from their host cell

10. Species “Organisms that breed in natural surroundings and create fertile offspring” One of the most common definitions of species. See slothnet links for MANY other definitions!!!! population A group within a species that has a common habitat

11. How many species are there on Earth, and how do scientists keep track of them? • Estimated 5 million to 30 million total number of species on Earth • 1.5 million or so have been formally described Taxonomy Pg. 382-384

12. How many species are there on Earth, and how do scientists keep track of them? Taxonomy • systematically identifying, naming, and classifying organisms on the basis of shared traits

13. Carolus Linnaeus

14. Book Illustration (next slide, Animals!!!)

15. Very Specific General The larger groups are less specific and contain more kinds of organisms We’ve added a new level since Linnaeus (more info later)

16. Scientific Name (2 parts) Species Name  put it in italics or underline it 1) Genus  must be capitalized (e.g. Canis) 2) specific to the species  must be lower case Canis lupus Canislatrans

17. Same Family – less related Same Genus – closely related Pantheratigris Felissilvestris Same Order – distantly related Felisnigripes Order Carnivora Ursusamericanus

18. Eukaryotes = Eu(“with”) + karyo(“kernel”; i.e. nucleus) Most stuff: plants, animals, fungi, many microbes Prokaryotes = Pro(“before”) + karyo(“kernel”; i.e. nucleus) very little cells without a nucleus Go read Chapter 18 Prokaryotes are on 1st test!!! Terms change over time “bacteria”  “Eubacteria “ & “Archebacteria”  “Bacteria” & “Archea”

19. Prokaryotic domains see chapter 18

20. Prokaryotes – two domains Bacteria Small cells Asexual reproduction No nucleus (“prokaryote”) bacteial chromosome plasmid – DNA loop NO ORGANELLES Archea Small like bacteria No nucleus (“prokaryote”) or Organelles Many can live in extreme conditions thermatogens halophiles Neither one has DNA in nucleus

21. Many antibiotics work by messing with bacteria’s ability to make or repair wall Bacteria • Most possess a cell wall (mostly peptidoglycans) • Tremendous genetic diversity • Differences in nutrition, metabolism, structure, and lifestyle • Autotrophs: make their own food from material in nonliving environment • Photosynthesis (“cyanobacteria”) • Chemosynthesis (e.g. deep sea hot vents) • Heterotrophs: rely on other organisms as a food source • Decomposers • Fermenters • Symbionts - (e.g. Vibrio fischeri in light organs of squid) • pathogens

22. Bacteria: structure • Spherical (cocci) • Rod-shaped (bacilli) • Spiral (spirochetes) • Flagella: tiny whiplike structures that project from the cell and help it move • Pili: shorter, hairlike appendages that enable bacteria to adhere to a surface • Capsule: sticky coating surrounding cells help adhere to surfaces and protects cells

23. Bacteria

24. Archaea • Similar to bacteria • Lack a nucleus • Genetically distinct • “Extremophiles” • hyperthermophiles • methanogens • halophiles

25. Eukaryotes – One Domain Four kingdoms – all have DNA in nucleus Animals = kingdom Animalia Plants = kingdom Plantae Fungi = Kingdom Fungi Protists = Kingdom Protista algae, amoeba, lots of microbes (e.g. Noctiluca)

26. Eukaryotes - characteristics Have a nucleus (that’s where DNA) Have organelles (little parts with separate jobs) mitochondria – make energy (the power plant) golgiaparatus – chemicals are packaged/modified endoplasmic reticulum – manufacturing (factory) vacuole – storage (warehouse) Endosymbiont Theory Will cover in detail when we study cells – lab & lecture

27. Endosymbiosis Endosymbiosis = endo(“within”) + sym(“same”) + bio The idea that complex cells (eukaryotes) formed when small cells started living inside big cells evidence: double membrane, ribosomes, DNA

28. Evolution of eukaryotic cells Endosymbiosis theory pg. 66-73 • Free-living prokaryotic cells engulfed other free-living prokaryotic cells billions of years ago, forming eukaryotic organelles • Mitochondria and chloroplasts

29. Free Biology Tutoring Not Happy with your grade? Not understanding the material? Remember that the TLCC has