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Essential Elements of Soil and Plant Nutrition

Explore the key factors influencing soil water, nutrient supply, and plant nutrition. Learn about essential elements, nutrient toxicities, and deficiencies in plants, including molybdenum and aluminum. Dive into soil fertility, soil taxonomy, and nutrient sources to enhance your understanding of soil health.

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Essential Elements of Soil and Plant Nutrition

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  1. Ch. 4: Soil Water, Plant Nutrition, Soil Symbioses

  2. Soil • Supplies H2O & nutrients • 1) What influences soil water? • 2) What nutrients plants need, & what influences nutrient supply?

  3. Plant nutrition • 17 essential elements • Deficiency: < needed • Toxicity: > needed Molybdenum (Mo) deficiency in citrus Aluminum (Al) toxicity

  4. Plant nutrition • 17 essential elements • Macronutrients (9): > 0.1% of plant • C, H, O, P, K, N, S, Ca, Mg • “C Hopkin’s car is an MG” • “CHOPKiNSCar is an Mg” • >1% plant dry weight is C,H,O,N,K (Chonk!) Chuck Hopkins and his car

  5. Plant nutrition • 17 essential elements • Micronutrients (8): < 0.02% plant • Fe, Mo, B, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cl, Ni • “A festive mob comes in clapping nicely” • “A Festive MoBCuMnZnClapping Nicely”

  6. Plant nutrition Another Moe • Ex, Mo deficiency Australia • Mo used N-fixing bacteria • 140 g/ha (13 oz/acre!) Mo every 5-10 yr • Increased growth 6-7 times!

  7. Soil Fertility: Recall….. • CEC (organic matter and clay): “potential fertility” • pH determines BS & influences “actual fertility” • Overall, hi CEC & hi BS means pH high & soil fertile

  8. Recall…… • pH influences nutrient availability

  9. Nutrient sources • 1) Soil • 2) Some nutrients mobile: recycled old to new leaves • Removal nutrients: resorption • Important N, P, K, Mg (mobile nutrients)

  10. Ch. 4: Soils, Nutrition etc.

  11. Soil Taxonomy • Soils classified Tony Danza?

  12. Soil Taxonomy • Smallest unit: series. Basic unit classification. = species (biology) • Largest: order (ends in -sol). = domain (biology) What official AL state soil??

  13. Soil Taxonomy • Bama series!

  14. Soil Taxonomy Tour • 7 orders (AL) • Major profile characteristics, vegetation

  15. 1: Entisols • Named for RECENT • Little profile (young): A/C or A/R • Steep rocky places, new sediments, etc. A/C A/R

  16. 1: Entisols • Scattered AL

  17. 2: Inceptisols • Little profile (inceptus=beginning): > Entisols • A & weak B • Steep slopes, young soils Appalachian forest soil on sandstone

  18. 2: Inceptisols • Widespread AL

  19. 3: Histosols • Histos=tissue: High organic matter (20-30%) • Thick O • Drainage restricted: little decomposition—flooded, anaerobic

  20. 3: Histosols • Shrink when dry (subsidence) Everglades swamp histosol 1924: post top @ surface 1975: photo taken (4 ft drop)

  21. 3: Histosols • Burns when dry! Peat = fuel • When farmed: can burn/blow away N. Carolina histosol

  22. 3: Histosols • AL: pitcher plant bogs & swamps (lower coastal plain)

  23. 4: Vertisols • High clay (shrink-swell type) • Cracks when dry • Self-turning (verto=to turn)

  24. 4: Vertisols • Self-turning: little profile development • Peds have slickensides (smooth shiny surfaces) Engineering problems

  25. 4: Vertisols • AL: common Black Belt

  26. 5: Mollisols • From mollis=soft • Grassland (prairie) soils

  27. 5: Mollisols • From mollis=soft • Grassland (prairie) soils • Thick, dark A. Hi OM • Hi CEC & BS. (Fertility?)

  28. 5: Mollisols • Good ag soils. Little prairie left

  29. 5: Mollisols • Few N AL

  30. 6: Alfisols • Hi Al & Fe (AlFe) • Well developed (A, E, B) • B claypan (Bt layer) • BS high (>35%)

  31. 6: Alfisols • Fertile ag soils • Most midwest/north US

  32. 7: Ultisols • Well developed, acidic. Humid climate • B: claypan (Bt), red/yellow Fe oxides

  33. 7: Ultisols • Low BS (<35%) • Good ag soil if fertilized & limed.

  34. 7: Ultisols • #1 AL (SE US)

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