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(Materials adapted from ANT 522 Intro. to Phonology by Lee Bickmore , UAlbany ). Review: phonological analysis & Morphological Analysis. Write the phonetic symbols representing each sound: Voiced labiodental fricative Voiceless palatal affricate Voiced velar nasal
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(Materials adapted from ANT 522 Intro. to Phonology by Lee Bickmore, UAlbany) Review:phonological analysis & Morphological Analysis
Write the phonetic symbols representing each sound: • Voiced labiodental fricative • Voiceless palatal affricate • Voiced velar nasal • Voiced palatal fricative • Voiced labiovelar glide • Voiced alveolar retroflex
Write the phonetic symbols representing each sound: • High front tense unrounded vowel • Mid back lax rounded vowel • Low back lax unrounded vowel • Mid front tense unrounded vowel
What is similar between these sounds: • [p], [s], [f], [k] • [y], [tʃ], [dʃ], [ʃ], [ʒ] • [v], [ð], [m], [ʒ], [a] • Which one does not fit: • [f], [θ], [z], [ʤ][h], [ʒ] • [v], [g], [s], [u], [e], • [t], [r], [n], [ŋ], [z]
Main Topics • Phonological Analysis: Allophones • Solving data sets on allophones • Using distinctive features • Formulating phonological rules & Underlying Representations (UR). • Morphological Analysis • Finding individual morphemes • Lead up to morpho-phonemic analysis
Phonological Analysis: Allophones Exercise: Old English Analyze the distribution of [n] and [ŋ]. [x] is a voiceless velar fricative. Is there any phonological process going on?
Phonological Analysis: Allophones Exercise: Greek • Analyze the sounds: [x, k, ç, c]. • [x] is a voiceless velar fricative • [ç] is a voiceless palatal fricative • [c] is a voiceless palatal stop • Which sounds are in contrastive distribution? • Which sounds are in complementary distribution? • What are the phonological rules?
Phonological Analysis: Allophones Exercise: Igbirra Analyze the sounds: [e] and [a] State the phonological rules.
Phonological Analysis: Allophones Exercise: Tamil Analyze the sounds: [ʊ] and [ɯ] State the phonological rules.
Morphological Analysis for Phonology • Basic assumptions: • A morpheme is a meaning unit (which cannot be further divided into compositional meaning units). • Morphemes can combine to make words. E.g. ke-merdeka-an. • Morphemes can be divided into: roots and affixes (Suffix, Prefix, Infix). • Words can have more than 1 affix: ke-ter-buka-an • Words can have more than 1 root=compound words e.g. sepakbola. • There can be homophonous morphemes: • E.g. a-typical, a; in-correct, in; un-happy, un-tie
Foreign words and English glosses • Sometimes 1 English word = 1 Foreign word: Spanish perro = English dog Sometimes 1 E morpheme = 1 Foreign morpheme: Plural perro-s, dog-s • What is 2 morphemes in a single word in one lang = 2 separate words in another language. Spanish: Cant-o = English: I sing • Sometimes what is glossed with more than one morpheme (or word) in Eng. is simply one morpheme in the other language. Aztec: ni-chooka ‘I cry’, ti-chooka ‘you cry’, chooka ‘he/she cries’ Conclusion: 3 sg. marker is /ø/ (null morpheme). • Sometimes what is glossed with one morpheme in English is actually two morphemes in FL: Spanish blanc-a 'white‘ - English : ‘white (Fem)’ Turkish haz-at 'house‘ - English: ‘house (Nom.)’
Morphological Parsing: • Format: • Data most often given in rows and columns, where roots remain consistent across the row, and the affixal morpheme remains consistent down the column.
Morphological Parsing: • Analysis: • Scan down each column. As a first guess assume that the affix is the phonological material that the words have in common. • Scan across each row. As a first guess assume that the root is the phonological material that the words have in common. –ing (gerund) morpheme: _________ Causative (make) morpheme: ________ Passive (‘be’) morpheme: __________
Exercise: Morphological Parsing singular
Exercise: Morphological Parsing singular
Important notes: • Alternations: One morpheme will sometimes have two or more ‘allomorphs’. • When there are alternations: • Assume alternation in affix • Assume alternation in root • Assume no alternation • Alternations must be explained: • Choose one allomorph to be the underlying morpheme. This is usually done by choosing the morpheme with the alternating sound which has the most varied or widest distribution. • Write a phonological rule or rules which derive the other allomorphs correctly. You must always make sure that your rule doesn’t ‘mess up’ other forms in the data.