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PATHWAYS OF EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMALL TWO-WHEELERS: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

PATHWAYS OF EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMALL TWO-WHEELERS: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. N.V.Iyer, Adviser (Technical) Bajaj Auto Ltd, Pune, India Better Air Quality 2006 Workshop Yogyakarta, Indonesia, December 13 – 15, 2006 ( narayan_iyer2000@yahoo.com ).

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PATHWAYS OF EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMALL TWO-WHEELERS: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

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  1. PATHWAYS OF EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMALL TWO-WHEELERS: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE N.V.Iyer, Adviser (Technical) Bajaj Auto Ltd, Pune, India Better Air Quality 2006 Workshop Yogyakarta, Indonesia, December 13 – 15, 2006 (narayan_iyer2000@yahoo.com)

  2. Proportion of Two-wheelers in Vehicle Population of Major Asian Countries Small two-wheelers constitute significant proportions of total vehicle fleets in many countries in Asia and come to be considered as major sources of air pollution.

  3. CONTRIBUTION OF TWO-WHEELERS TO TOTAL TRANSPORT EMISSIONS IN INDIAN CITIES (Sources: PUNE:Environmental Status Report, 2001-02, Pune Municipal Corporation KANPUR: ‘Report of the Expert Committee on Auto Fuel Policy’, Government India, August 2002)

  4. CONTRIBUTION OF TWO-WHEELERS TO TOTAL RAOD TRANSPORT EMISSIONS IN EUROPEAN UNION, (EU 15) With large reductions in emissions of four-wheeled vehicles, the relative contribution of two-wheelers has increased significantly forcing the adoption of stringent mass emission standards. Source: L. Ntziachristos et al, “Emission Control Options for Power Two Wheelers in Europe”, Atmospheric Environment 40 (2006), 4547 - 4561

  5. WORLDWIDE TWO-WHEELER EMISSION REGULATIONS China II Stage (2004) ECE40 HC: 1.2 NOx:0.3 CO: 5.5 10,000 km Japan (2006/2007) ECE40 Cold Start HC: 0.3/0.5 NOx:0.15 CO: 2.0 12,000/24,000 km US Federal (2006) <170cc and 170 to 279cc HC: 1.0 CO: 12.0 >280cc HC+NOx: 1.4 CO: 12.0 (2010) >280cc HC+NOx: 0.8 CO: 12.0 (6,000 -18,000km) Europe EU II (2003) ECE40 Cold Start HC: 1.0 NOx:0.3 CO: 3.0 India II Stage (2005) IDC HC+NOx: 1.5 CO: 1.5 30,000 km IIIStage (2008/2010) IDC HC+NOx: 1.0 CO: 1.0 30,000 km EU III (2006) ECE 40+EUDC/ WMTC HC: 0.8 NOx:0.15 CO: 2.0 30,000 km India Taiwan IV Stage (2004) ECE40 Cold Start HC+NOx:2.0 CO: 7.0 15,000 km II Stage (2005) IDC Cold Start HC+NOx:1.5 CO: 1.5 30,000 km III Stage (2008) HC+NOx:1.0~1.25 CO: 1.0~1.25

  6. TECHNOLOGY PROGRESSION OF 2-STROKE ENGINES FOR 2-WHEELERS FURTHER IMPROVED CARBURETTOR, IMPROVED OXIDATION CATALYTIC CONVERTER AND/OR SECONDARY AIR INJECTION AIR ASSISTED DIRECT INJECTION OXIDATION CATALYTIC CONVERTER ELECTRONIC ENGINE MANAGEMENT IMPROVED CARBURETTOR, IMPROVED PORTING & SCAVENGING, OPTIMIZATION OF AIR-FUEL RATIO & IGNITION TIMING FURTHER IMPROVED SCAVENGING, OXIDATION CATALYTIC CONVERTER AND/OR SECONDARY AIR INJECTION 1996 2000 2005 2010

  7. TECHNOLOGY PROGRESSION OF 4-STROKE ENGINES FOR 2-WHEELERS PORT FUEL INJECTION, THREE-WAY CATALYTIC CONVERTER WITH OR WITHOUT SECONDARY AIR INJECTION IMPROVED CARBURETTOR, OPTIMIZATION OF AIR-FUEL RATIO & IGNITION TIMING, IMPROVED COMPRESSION RATIO FURTHER IMPROVED CARBURETTOR SIMPLE OXIDATION CATALYTIC CONVERTER AND/OR SECONDARY AIR INJECTION REGULAR OXIDATION CATALYTIC CONVERTERS (AS USED IN CARS) AND/OR SECONDARY AIR INJECTION 2005 2010 1996 2000

  8. ESTIMATED FUEL EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF 2-STROKE AND 4-STROKE 2-WHEELERS USING FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS Direct Injection Port Fuel Injection SCOOTERETTE MOTORCYCLE Carburettor Fuel Efficiency, km/l SCOOTER Air Assisted Fuel Injection MOTORCYCLE Carburettor Fuel Efficiency, km/l SOURCE: LEIGHTON S., AHERN S., SAE PAPER NO 2003-26-0019,

  9. EVOLUTION OF NEW REGULATORY MEASURES IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES World Motorcycle Test Cycle (WMTC) Correlation of limit values Particulate emissions from CI and SI engines Durability and in-use compliance; On Board Diagnostics Evaporation emissions Measure CO2 emissions in type approval EU General tightening of emission regulations Evaporative emissions Durability Off cycle emissions Non-regulated emissions Fuels and Lubricants JAPAN Implement Stage III standards latest by 2010 Strengthen in-use compliance Participate in the development of WMTC INDIA 2005 2010

  10. ESTIMATED EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS PROPOSED MEASURES TO REDUCE HC EMISSIONS IN EUROPEAN UNION, (EU 15) Source: L.Ntziachristos et al, “Emission Control Options for Power Two Wheelers in Europe”, Atmospheric Environment 40 (2006), 4547 - 4561

  11. EXPECTED EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS PROPOSED MEASURES TO REDUCE PM EMISSIONS IN EUROPEAN UNION, (EU 15) “Adoption of diesel PM regulatory procedure for two-wheelers certification and having a standard for PM can bring only a small additional benefit” , Rijkeboer quoted in reference Source: L.Ntziachristos et al, “Emission Control Options for Power Two Wheelers in Europe”, Atmospheric Environment 40 (2006), 4547 - 4561

  12. INTRODUCTION OF WORLD MOTORCYCLE TEST CYCLE (WMTC) Euro III Driving Cycle to be used for Euro III standards WMTC Driving Cycle introduced as an alternative to Euro III Source: EU Commission Directive 2006/72/EC, 18th August, 2006 Amendment to Directive 97/24/EC

  13. TECHNOLOGIES LIKELY TO BE EXPLORED IN THE SHORT TERM • Increased utilization of 2-stroke direct injection systems for small capacity machines • Bigger, more sophisticated catalyst with more optimized precious metal formulation for quicker light off and longer durability • Improved modulation of Secondary Air Injection to control exhaust Air-Fuel ratio. • Increased sophistication of ECU control strategies for cold start and transient fuelling optimization. • Should future legislation dictate the use of such systems • Possible development of ‘new’ systems such as EGR, and de-NOx catalysts, • incorporation of OBD and • evaporative control systems Ref: “Motorcycle Unregulated Emissions Report”, Association des Constructeurs Europeens de Motocycles (ACEM), March 2002

  14. TECHNOLOGIES/FUELS LIKELY TO EMERGE IN NEAR FUTURE Gaseous fuels like ‘Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)’ or ‘Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)’. Products in Market Products Under Development Battery operated electric vehicles Products in Market Hybrid electric vehicles Technology Being explored For 3-wheelers As internal Combustion Engine Hydrogen powered vehicles (as internal combustion engine)

  15. PATHWAY OF EVOLUTION OF ENGINE TECHNOLOGIES FOR 2-WHEELERS 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION OF TECHNOLOGY WIDESPREAD USE OF TECHNOLOGY REDUCED USE OF TECHNOLOGY

  16. CONCLUSIONS • Two-wheelers make significant contributions to urban air pollution in most Asian cities • Following major reductions in 4-wheeler emissions contributions of 2-wheelers to total HC and CO emissions in EU have now become significant • From 1995 to 2005, technologies of both 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines have moved primarily from optimization of performance to use of sophisticated catalysts • Post 2010, fuel injection, both in 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines, combined with catalytic converters are likely to be preferred • Period from 2010 to 2020 is likely to see greater use of CNG/LPG as well as battery and hybrid electric vehicles • Use of Hydrogen as an IC engine fuel in 2 and 3 wheelers is unlikely to start before 2025

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