What Supreme Court decision made segregation legal?

1. What Supreme Court decision made segregation legal? • Plessy v. Ferguson

2. What organization, founded by WEB Dubois, fought school segregation in the courts? • NAACP

3. Give an example of a Jim Crow Law. • separate facilities, curfews, separate workplaces

4. How did WWII serve as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement? • blacks fought and died for U.S. then came home to discrimination

5. Why was it such a big deal that Jackie Robinson played baseball? • it was America’s past time, everybody paid attention

6. What decision reversed Plessy? • Brown vs. the Board of Ed. (Topeka, KS)

7. Who was chosen to lead the Montgomery Bus boycott?What was the key principle of his strategy to end segregation? • Martin Luther King Jr. • non-violence/passive resistance (from Gandhi & Thoreau)

8. What organization was founded by King & other ministers in 1957? • Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

9. How did President Eisenhower support the integration of Central High School in Little Rock? • Sent in National Guard troops to keep the peace and protect the students

10. What was SNCC? What was their first big action in the movement? • The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, Sit Ins at segregated lunch counters (1960)

11. What was the goal of the Freedom Riders (1961)? What challenges did they face? • Integrate bus terminals and take the movement to the deep South; faced bombings, beatings, arrests, etc.

12. Why was JFK reluctant to fully support the Freedom Riders? • He was afraid of America looking bad on the world scene (Cold War tension with the Soviets, didn’t want bad publicity)

13. Why was Birmingham (AL) Police Commissioner Bull Connor so infamous? • Symbol of white resistance and oppression; ordered use of police dogs & fire hoses on protestors in Birmingham

14. What did the SCLC do to expose Bull Connor’s tactics in 1963? What happened to MLK there? Marches in Birmingham, he was put in jail where he wrote “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” saying he would be an “extremist in the cause of morality”

15. What was the purpose of the March on Washington in 1963? What famous speech was given there? • pressure for Civil Rights Legislation, MLK’s “I Have a Dream” speech

16. What legislation came out of this pressure? • Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965

17. What was the focus of the 1964 Mississippi Summer Project? Was it successful? • increase # of black voters in Mississippi in order to boost political participation; yes

18. Give an example of a Black Separatist Organization. Where was separatism & militancy more rampant among blacks? • Black Panthers, Nation of Islam • More rampant in Northern Cities

19. What did Malcolm X say blacks should reject? Embrace? • self hatred imposed on them by white culture; the beauty and strength of their Black culture

20. Name two demands of the Black Panthers. • full employment, self determination, blacks should not serve in Vietnam, decent housing, better education

21. Who fled the inner cities for the suburbs after WWII? What did they take with them? • middle class whites; tax dollars needed for social services – which left inner cities in tough shape

22. Name two places riots broke out in response to poor conditions in the cities. • Watts (1965) Newark and Detroit (1967)

23. What was the SCLC’s final campaign under the direction of MLK? • Poor People’s Campaign – focused on poverty and working conditions of poor (working on this when he was assassinated)

24. What was John Kennedy’s plan for America called? What were two of its major goals? • New Frontier, reinvigorate the United States & continue the triumph of capitalism Space Race (NASA, Peace Corps, Civil Rights)

25. What was Lyndon Johnson’s plan for the United States called? What were two of its goals? Great Society, eliminate poverty, improve civil rights & provide health care (we got Medicare, Medicaid, Civil Rights Legislation and AFDC out of this)

26. What was AIM? What were two of their demands? • American Indian Movement; treaties upheld, original land back, better education, equal rights

27. What was NOW? What were two issues they focused on? • National Organization for Women, equal pay, equal rights, sexual discrimination in the work place

28. What union focused on improving wages and working conditions for Latino farm workers? Who was it’s leader? • United Farm Workers (UFW); Cesar Chavez

29. Who did the Vietnamese originally fight for their independence after WWII? Who led their fight for independence and became leader of North Vietnam? France; Ho Chi Minh

30. Who did the U.S. install as the leader of South Vietnam in the late 1950s? How was he received by the South Vietnamese? Ngo Dinh Diem, poorly – much protest (monks immolating themselves)

31. What theory proposed that if South Vietnam fell to Communism, the rest of SE Asia would soon follow? domino theory

32. What were the southern sympathizers of the communist North called? Were they easy to identify? Viet Cong or NLF; no – there was no sure way to identify them

33. What act of Congress gave LBJ the power to “use any means necessary” in Vietnam in 1964? Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

34. Which president oversaw our escalation of the conflict? Who’s policies was he following? LBJ, JFK’s

35. What program was started to win over the hearts and minds of the South Vietnamese and clear rural areas of VC? Pacification

36. Why did the US decide to defoliate the jungles of Vietnam? How did they do it? To try and take away the guerilla warfare advantage enjoyed by the VC; napalm & agent orange

37. List two ways combat conditions in Vietnam were unlike those soldiers had prepared for. jungle, traps & guerrilla tactics, heat & rain, unknown enemy

38. What impact did the 1968 Tet Offensive have on public opinion about the war? Why? turned many against it, showed that the VC and North Vietnamese were still strong and willing to fight

39. Why were there huge anti-war protests at the 1968 Democratic National Convention? What were the protest leaders called? After Robert Kennedy was assassinated anti-war people feared the ongoing escalation of the war; Chicago 7

40. What goal did Nixon claim to be pursuing in the Vietnam War? Peace with Honor

41. What was “vietnamization”? Nixon’s plan for turning the war over to the South Vietnamese

42. Name one factor that made our involvement in Vietnam so controversial. Question of just cause, high cost ($ & lives), impatience with lack of progress, it was all there on TV

43. What effect did the draft have on public support for the Vietnam War? Name two ways people tried to avoid the draft. The draft led to increased protest against the war; go to college, start a family, self inflicted wound, act crazy, or flee to Canada after you got drafted

44. What event immediately preceded the fall of South Vietnam? What was the fate of many South Vietnamese families who supported the U.S.? full withdrawal of U.S. troops, became refugees

45. What was the name of the quiet group that wanted law & order & supported the war? silent majority

46. Who were the Hawks? Who were the Doves? • Americans who supported the war, Americans who opposed it

47. What minority groups were over-represented in the troops in Vietnam? Blacks and Hispanics

48. What brought an end to draft deferments for students and married people in 1969? How did this effect the war protest movement? draft lottery; ramped up protest movement

49. What documents, printed in the NY Times in 1971, exposed the truth about U.S. plans for Vietnam? Pentagon Papers

50. Why did the U.S. attack Cambodia and Laos in 1970? What was the response in the United States? there were bases for the VC and NVA, massive protests (students killed at Kent State & Jackson State)