نگارش مقاله به زبان انگلیسی

1. نگارش مقاله به زبان انگلیسی عباس معمارباشی گروه آموزشی تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی 2012/12/26

2. Why publish? • To exchange ideas globally. • International or national reputation enabling collaborations • To get higher education, academic development, and to get research funds.

3. Why publish in English? • English is the international language of science Therefore publishing in English allows you to reach the broadest possible audience. • Publish articles in the national level doesn’t give an international credit.

4. Selecting journal • Aims and scope • Publishing frequency • Impact factor • Target audience • Open access or subscriber • Prestige • Cost • Publication type Which factor is most important to you?

5. Why is good writing important? • Good writing is writing that clearly communicates your research. If your manuscript is poorly written and difficult to understand, they may not take the time to read it or cite it later. • Good writing helps others to understand what you’ve done. It will also help you to better understand your own work. “If you can’t explain something simply, you don’t understand it well.” – Albert Einstein Good writing is simple writing.

6. Accepted manuscripts had the following in common • The relevance and importance of the subject • Excellence in writing and data presentation • Quality of the study design

7. Planning your writing • organize your thoughts efficiently • decide on the most effective way to present your information • keep to a logical sequence of points • remember all the information that must be included • cut out unnecessary or irrelevant information or sentences

8. A scientific article must answer the following basic questions: • What is the problem that is addressed? • Why is it important? • How did you study the problem? • What are your results? • What are the implications of the results? • What do you recommend as further study for others?

9. Know the ethics • Accuracy • Originality • Authorship credit • Ethical consideration in human and animal studies • Disclosure of conflicts of interest

10. Publication ethics It is important to avoid: • Data fabrication and falsification • Plagiarism • multiple submissions (refers to publishing the same intellectual material more than once)

11. Avoiding plagiarism • Plagiarism includes plagiarizing your own work. In fact, some journals stipulate that you cannot use more than five consecutive words from another paper that you have written. • Plagiarism is very easy to identify, particularly in papers written by non-native speakers.

12. ALL OF THE FOLLOWING ARE CONSIDERED PLAGIARISM: • turning in someone else's work as your own • copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit • failing to put a quotation in quotation marks • giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation • changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit • copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not

13. KNOW HOW TO PARAPHRASE A paraphrase is a restatement in your own words of someone else's ideas. Changing a few words of the original sentences does NOT make your writing a legitimate paraphrase. You must change both the words and the sentence structure of the original, without changing the content. http://plagiarism.org/

14. Who should be considered the author? • Authors should have made significant contribution to: • the conception and design • analysis and interpretation of data • drafting of the manuscript or revising it critically for intellectual content • final revision of the version to be published All four conditions must be met.

15. Who should be the First/Senior Author? • The person taking lead in: - the design and conduct of the work - collection and analysis of the data - preparation of the manuscript • Normally the first author is also the originatorof the idea for an experiment or study.

16. The ‘write’ order • For maximum clarity and consistency, write your manuscript in this order: Methods Results Introduction Discussion Title Abstract Write during the research Write after research Write last Edanz Group | 16

17. Title • catch the eye • don't under specify • don't over specify • in a research paper, emphasize the main novelty • use keywords • avoid specialist terminology • avoid unnecessary phrases and non-descriptive words

18. Abstract • self-contained outline of the paper • minimize specialist terms • imagine you are explaining your work verbally to a colleague over three minutes • write it after the rest of the paper has been completed • 150-250 words The majority of people will only read this section, it must be able to ‘stand alone’ A well-written abstract requires time and effort.

19. Abstract Summarizes your work • Concise (100–300 words) • 1–4 sentences – describe problem(s) addressed • 1–4 sentences –objectives/hypotheses • 1–2 sentences – techniques; AVOID details • 1–3 sentences – most important results • Final sentence – concluding statement

20. IntroductionWhy? What question (problem) was studied? The answer to this question is contained within your Introduction Beginning  Middle  End

21. Introduction Beginning • Sufficient background information • Puts your work into context • Start with a broad background • Cite reviews General Specific

22. IntroductionMiddle • Rationale • The reason(s) for doing this work? • Why is it important? • Justify your work • Explain how you tried to address the problem (1–2 sentences)

23. IntroductionEnd • State the methods you plan to use • Clearly and explicitly state 1–3 specific hypotheses or objectives of your study

24. MethodsHow did you carry out your work? • Subheadings • Easier to read • Past tense • New methods must be described in sufficient detail that they can be reproduced • Established methods can be referenced • Save time and effort

25. ResultsWhat did you find? • Accurate, brief, clear • Use subheadings • Use past tense to describe your results • When referring to figures and tables, use present tense • DO NOTexplain your results • DO NOTduplicate data among figures, tables and text

26. Display items Tables and figures • Present a large amount of data quickly and efficiently • Present most significant result as a figure or table • Keep it simple — use separate panels if necessary • AVOID duplication with the text • Label all parts of your figures • Legends must be able to ‘stand alone’

27. DiscussionBeginning • AVOID repeating the results section • Answer the research question(s) • Emphasizethe major finding(s) first • What is your major conclusion, based on the results you have presented?

28. DiscussionMiddle • Interpret your results … • Compare with other studies • Same or different? • Possible reasons why? • Unexpected results • Briefly describe any limitations • Sample sizes • Complementary tests • How could experiments be improved?

29. DiscussionEnd • Restate major conclusion(s) • In summary … OR In conclusion … • Possible real world applications and implications • Suggest future work

30. References • ALWAYS format your references • Formatting is required in text for citations and for your references section • Use reference management software

31. Why references are so important? • Establish where ideas came from • Give evidence for claims • Connect readers to other research • Provide a context for your work • Show that there is interest in this field of research Never cite a publication based on what you have read in a different publication (such as a review), or based only on the publication’s abstract. These may mislead you and, importantly, readers. If you can’t access to the original article write (Smith 1962, cited in Jones 2002).

32. Reference managers Some widely used reference management and formatting software applications are: • BibTeX • EndNote (refer to the CD) • Reference Manager • Mendeley • Papers • RefWorks • Zotero

33. In a scientific manuscript, all statements must be supported with evidence. This evidence can come from the results of the current research, common knowledge, or from previous publications. A citation after a claim makes it clear which previous study supports the claim.

34. Concise writing • Ways to keep your manuscript clear, concise (brief), and precise: • Only one idea per sentence • Use the active voice, not the passive voice, when possible • Delete unnecessary or vague words and replace them with more specific words • Avoid circular sentences and redundancies

35. Proofreading Look For: • Typographical errors • Errors in grammar and punctuation • Deviations from the requested editorial style • Inconsistencies in editorial style • Inconsistencies in information • Incorrect fonts or sizes • Spacing errors • Incorrect cross-references

36. Get a pre-review • Don't send the manuscript to an editor until you have it reviewed with a fresh eye. • Ask two objective colleagues: one who is familiar with the research area, another who knows little or nothing about it. The former can provide technical advice, while the latter can determine whether your ideas are being communicated clearly.

37. Peer review improves your manuscript • Few papers are accepted without revision • Rejection and revision are integral to the peer review process

38. Online tools to improve writing in English • http://prowritingaid.com/Index.aspx • http://www.grammarly.com/ • http://www.paperrater.com/ • http://www.languagetool.org/ • http://www.springerexemplar.com/ • http://www.editorsoftware.com/StyleWriter.html • http://www.englishplus.com/

39. Guide to Academic Writing in English • http://sana.tkk.fi/awe/index.html • http://www.lz95.net/lzhs/wcenter/Handbook%20with%20hyperlinks.htm • http://www.dailywritingtips.com/7-grammatical-errors-that-aren%E2%80%99t/ • Springer Author Academy: • http://www.springer.com/authors/author+academy?SGWID=0-1739713-0-0-0 • http://www.biomedicaleditor.com/editing-tips.html • http://www.monash.edu.au/lls/llonline/writing/science/index.xml

40. Other Resources • Tips for Publishing in Scientific Journals (http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_magazine/previous_issues/articles/2007_04_06/caredit.a0700046) • English Communication for Scientists (http://www.nature.com/scitable/ebooks/english-communication-for-scientists-14053993) • On Being a Scientist: A Guide to Responsible Conduct in Research, 3rd edition (http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12192)

41. Other Resources • Paradigm Online Writing Assistant • http://www.powa.org/ • Springer Exemplar • http://www.springerexemplar.com/ • Google Scholar • http://scholar.google.com/ • Purdue Online Writing Lab • http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/

42. What you will find in the CD • PowerPoint Presentation slides • General English Writing (Books, PDFs) • Scientific Writing (Books & relevant materials) • Reference Managers (EndNote, Tutorials,…)

43. پایان