Chapter 5

1. Chapter 5 The Phrase: Prepositional, Verbal, Appositive

2. Phrase • Group of related words that is used as a single part of speech and that does not contain both a verb and its subject • Prepositional • Participle • Infinitive • Appositive • Clause – a group of words that has both a verb and its subject • We left before the train arrived.

3. Prepositional Phrase • Includes a preposition, a noun or pronoun (called the object of the preposition), and any modifiers of that object • The car in front of us slid into an icy snowbank. • **An object of the preposition may be compound! • Don’t confuse prep. phrase with infinitive (verb form that usually begins with “to”) • We went to Florida. • We went to see the alligators.

4. Adjective Phrase • Prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or a pronoun • Tells what kind or which one • She was a painter of landscapes. • Tells what kind of painter she was. • He is the boy on the left. • Tells which one he is. Usually follows the word it modifies! More than one adjective phrase may modify the same word!

5. Adverb Phrase • Prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb • Tells how, when, where, why, or to what extent • The snow fell throughout the day. • Tells when the snow fell. • Mr. Ortiz has taught school for sixteen years. • Tells how long he has taught • The sportswriter interviewed the coach before the game. • Tells when the coach was interviewed

6. Verbals and Verbal Phrases • Word that is formed from a verb but it used as a noun, adjective, or an adverb • Three kinds of verbals • Participle • Gerund • Infinitive

7. Participle • Verb that can be used as an adjective • The smiling child waved. • The horses trotting past were not frightened by the crowd. (present -ing) • The police officers searched the abandoned warehouse. (past -ed) • Don’t confuse participle as part of a verb phrase • Planning their trip, they learned how to read a map. • While they were planning their trip, they learned how to read a map.

8. Participle Phrase • Consists of a participle and any modifiers or complements that participle has. The entire phrase acts as an adjective • Seeing himself in the mirror, the boy seemed quite bewildered. • After a while, we heard the duck quacking noisily at the other animals. • Should be as close to the word it modifies as possible: • Slithering through the grass, I saw a snake trimming the hedges this morning. • Trimming the hedges this morning, I saw a snake slithering through the grass.

9. Gerund • Verb form ending in –ing that is used as a noun • Skiing in fun. • Dad enjoys fishing. • Give sailing a try.

10. Gerund Phrase • Consists of gerund and any modifiers or complements the gerund has. The entire phrase is used as a noun • Having a part-time job may interfere with your school work. • The townspeople heard the loud banging of the fire bell.

11. Infinitive • Verb form that can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. • Most begin with “to” • Her ambition is to become a doctor. • Mark likes to skate but not to ski.

12. Infinitive Phrase • Consists of an infinitive and any modifiers or complements the infinitive has. The entire phrase may be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. • The crowd grew quiet to hear the speaker. • Marshmallows and graham crackers are good snacks to take on a camping trip.

13. Appositive • Noun or pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or describe it • I chose one person, her, to organize the club. • Usually set off by commas!!!

14. Appositive Phrase • Consists of an appositive and all the its modifiers • Officer Smith, one of the security guards, caught the burglar.