Everyone’s An Author Chapter 22 By: Jonathan Garcia

1. Everyone’s An AuthorChapter 22By: Jonathan Garcia Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing By: Jonathan Garcia

2. What’s the difference? • Quotation: Consists of someone’s exact words, enclosed in quotation marks or set off as a block from the rest of your text. • Paraphrase: Includes the details of a passage in your own words and syntax. Usually simplifying context to make it easier to understand. • Summary: Contains the the points of a passage that are important to your point, leaving out other details.

3. Quotations Quotations predominantly should be used in situations where: • Something is said so well that it’s worth repeating. • Complex ideas that are expressed so clearly that. paraphrasing or summarizing could distort or oversimplify them. • Experts whose opinions and exact words help you establish your own credibility and authority to write on the topic. • Passages are specific to what you are analyzing, such as referencing the Bible. • Those whose views differ from those of others – Quoting their exact words is a way to be sure you represent their opinions fairly.

4. Quotations Tips • Using quotations is the easiest way to include source material, but quotations should be used carefully and sparingly. • When you decide to quote, be careful of relying too much upon one source or quoting too much of a source and make sure that your use of the quote demonstrates an understanding of the source material. Essentially, you want to avoid having a paper that is a string of quotes with occasional input from you. • Think of the quote as a rare and precious jewel. - From the University of Houston - Victoria

5. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing should be done in situations when encountering: • Passages where the details matter, but not the exact words • Passages that are too technical or complicated for the audience to understand.

6. Paraphrasing Original Source Bad Example Charles Krauthammer argues that finding our intelligent counterparts has become more important as the romance of sending humans into space has declined. Even some the hunt for similar beings also suggests our sadness as a species waiting in vain for an acknowledgment that we aren’t alone in the cosmos. The lack of response, he says, just doesn’t make sense because if we keep finding planets that could support life, then we should find evidence – radio waves or signals – of intelligent life out there (A19). As the romance of manned space exploration has waned, the drive today is to find our living, thinking counterparts in the universe. For all the excitement, however, the search betrays a profound melancholy – a lonely species in a merciless universe anxiously awaits an answering voice and utter silence. That silence is maddening. Not just because it compounds our feeling of cosmic isolation, but because it makes no sense. As we inevitably find more exo-planets where intelligent life can exist, why have we found no evidence – no signals, no radio waves – that intelligent life does exist? -Charles Krauthammer, “Are We Alone in the Universe?”

7. Paraphrasing Original Source Bad Example Charles Krauthammer argues that finding our intelligent counterparts has become more important as the romance of sending humans into space has declined. Even some the hunt for similar beings also suggests our sadness as a species waiting in vain for an acknowledgment that we aren’t alone in the cosmos. The lack of response, he says, just doesn’t make sense because if we keep finding planets that could support life, then we should find evidence – radio waves or signals – of intelligent life out there (A19). As the romance of manned space exploration has waned, the drive today is to find our living, thinking counterparts in the universe. For all the excitement, however, the search betrays a profound melancholy – a lonely species in a merciless universe anxiously awaits an answering voice and utter silence. That silence is maddening. Not just because it compounds our feeling of cosmic isolation, but because it makes no sense. As we inevitably find more exo-planets where intelligent life can exist, why have we found no evidence – no signals, no radio waves – that intelligent life does exist? -Charles Krauthammer, “Are We Alone in the Universe?”

8. Paraphrasing Original Source Bad Example As the allure of adventuring into the unknown has receded… How can we continue to discover potentially hospitable planets – environments that could sustain life like ours – yet find no evidence that such life exists (Krauthammer A19)? • As the romance of manned space exploration has waned… • …why have we found no evidence – no signals, no radio waves – that intelligent life does exist? -Charles Krauthammer, “Are We Alone in the Universe?”

9. Paraphrasing Original Source Bad Example As the allure of adventuring into the unknown has receded… How can we continue to discover potentially hospitable planets – environments that could sustain life like ours – yet find no evidence that such life exists (Krauthammer A19)? • As the romance of manned space exploration has waned… • …why have we found no evidence – no signals, no radio waves – that intelligent life does exist? -Charles Krauthammer, “Are We Alone in the Universe?”

10. Paraphrasing To correctly paraphrase, make sure you restate information from a source using your own words and structure. It’s not just changing a couple of words here and there. Remember to still cover what the author’s points are, otherwise you are summarizing. Paraphrasing still requires you to cover the same points and topics that the original covers. Just simply in your own words to make it more easily understood, prove your own understanding of the topic, etc. Also remember to provide the sources.

11. Summarizing Should be done: • To condense the material. You may have to condense or to reduce the source material to draw out the points that relate to your paper. • To omit extras from the material. You may have to omit extra information from the source material to focus on the author’s main points. • To simplify the material. You may have to simplify the most important complex arguments, sentences, or vocabulary in the source material. - From the University of Houston - Victoria

12. Paraphrasing vs. Summarizing Paraphrasing Summarizing Breaking down context into main points Putting down main ideas into your own words Matters are condensed to suit the topic • When the wording is less important than the meaning behind the topic • Rewriting context without altering the meaning, hence, “in your own words” • Details remain

13. Activity Having done your reading (you have right?) of page 377(388)-400, would you believe this powerpoint summarizes or paraphrases Chapter 22?

14. Sites Used • http://www.uhv.edu/ac/style/quote.aspx • Owl.english.purdue.edu