US History EOCT Review

1. US History EOCT Review • EOCT Review- Ga. Department of Education guide • www.usatestprep.com- ID Salem, password: newton13 • Go to EOCT Tests at top, pick US history

2. 5 Content Domains • Colonization Through Constitution (1600-1800) • New Republic through Reconstruction( 1800-1876) • Industrialization, Reform and Imperialism(1876-1920) • Establishment as a World Power (1920-1946) • Modern Era(1946-Present Day)

3. Early Colonial Period • Describe European Settlement in North America during 17th Century- • Virginia Company • House of Burgesses • Powhatan • Bacon’s Rebellion • Massachusetts settlement • Rhode Island Settlement • Half-way Covenant • King Philip’s War • Salem Witch Trials • Mid-Atlantic Colonies • Pennsylvania • New Amsterdam (New York) • Quebec

4. Virginia • 1st perm English colony. • Created by business- Virginia Company- could find gold and other natural resources send back to England • Created House of Burgesses- first legislative body in New World • Had early problems- disease, starvation, John Smith • Tobacco becomes major cash crop • Natives resist- led by Powhatan • House of Burgesses does nothing- leads to Bacon’s Rebellion- shows colonists will stand up for themselves against complacent government • Results in increase of slavery in Virginia

5. New England • Massachusetts- Established by Puritans for religious freedom- their own • Strict beliefs- not tolerant of other views • Leads to creation of Rhode Island, tolerant of different religious beliefs- tradition of freedom of religion • Half-way covenant- tried to increase dwindling church membership in response to authoritarian Puritan system

6. New England (cont) • King Philip’s War 1675-1676- fought as a result of expanding Puritan settlements. • Removed native presence from much of New England • King Philip what English called Metacom, Native leader • 1686-Massachusetts charter canceled by King • Had allowed Mass to be independent colony • Made individual colonies in New England part of single “New England Colony” • 1691 colony is reestablished as a royal colony

7. Middle Colonies • Pennsylvania- between New England and Virginia- founded by Quakers given to William Penn as a gift • New Amsterdam- settled by Dutch- Taken by British in 1664 renamed New York • Dutch allowed to stay. Makes New York center of trade and commerce • Middle Colonies known for their religious tolerance

8. Quebec • Established by France • Spread Catholic faith, only small trading forts. • Weren’t there for population expansion- mainly fur trade • Friendly relations with natives compared to British

9. Development of British Society • Trace the ways that the economy and society of British North America developed • Terms • Mercantilism • Trans-Atlantic Trade • Middle Passage • African-American Culture • Benjamin Franklin • Individualism • Social Mobility • The Great Awakening

10. Development of British Society • British colonial system based on Mercantilism- • Idea only limited supply of wealth in world- nations must acquire wealth to be stronger • Encourages colonists to acquire land • Controlled shipping from North America • - all goods must go through Great Britain. • Keep the colonies from competing with Britain • Navigation Acts- • taxes on American goods- • weren’t enforced- Salutary Neglect- • made both colonies and Britain prosper

11. Trans-Atlantic Trade • Also called Triangular Trade • Raw materials from North America to Great Britain • Manufactured goods and alcohol to Africa for slaves • Slaves and manufactured goods to New World • Middle Passage- horrific journey from Africa to New World- 2/10 dies • Most slaves on large plantations- different tribes- able to keep and merge African traditions and customs together

12. Benjamin Franklin • Is successful at business and rises in society- also works at improving self- becomes a symbol of individualism and social mobility- two concepts that come to define America • As opposed to the restraints of Nobility and land holding in England- Americans have opportunity to be their own person and move up in society through hard work

13. Great Awakening • 1730s-1740s- further rejection of British society • Stressed individual relationships with God • Opposed centralized Puritan and Anglican Churches- saw it as corrupting American Society • Wild sermons preaching horrors of hell and need to admit sin- not theocracy and intellectual thought on religion • Democratization of Religion in America

14. Causes of American Revolution • Explain the Primary causes of the American Revolution • Terms • French and Indian War • 1763 Treaty of Paris • Proclamation of 1763 • Stamp Act • Intolerable Acts • Sons of Liberty • Daughters of Liberty • Committees of Correspondence • Thomas Paine • Common Sense

15. Causes of American Revolution • French and Indian War- French out of North America- at huge cost for Britain • British begin to enforce Navigation Acts • Have to pay taxes • Americans increase smuggling • Proclamation of 1763- prevent expansion to limit Native American conflict

16. Colonial Resistance • Sons of Liberty- organized to oppose British rule in Mass • damaged British property, harassed government officials, and pro-British colonists • Daughters of Liberty- organized boycotts of British goods, made those goods in their homes instead • British hurt more by this

17. Major Tax Issues • Stamp Act- forced colonists to use stamped paper for just about anything using paper- was like paying a tax • Nine colonies protest by sending reps to the Stamp Act Congress who sent formal letter of protest to the King • Intolerable Acts-results as

18. Committees of Correspondence • Formed to organize anti-British forces across country- couldn’t communicate in public • January 1776- Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense- pamphlet that pushed many Americans to support the independence movement • Argued Britain too far away to rule • If Britain mother country, then the colonies are grown up- nor would a mother treat her child so badly

19. American Revolution • Identify the ideological, military, and diplomatic aspects of the American Revolution • Terms • Declaration of Independence • John Locke • Charles de Montesquieu • George Washington • Crossing the Delaware River • Valley Forge • Saratoga • Benjamin Franklin • Marquis de Lafayette • General Charles Cornwallis • Battle of Yorktown • 1783 Treaty of Paris

20. Declaration of Independence • Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson • Borrowed from John Locke idea of natural rights and from Montesquieu idea of Separation of Powers in government between different branches • Three parts- • Preamble explaining purpose of government • List of Grievances- accusing King George III of numerous violations against the American Colonists • Formal Declaration

21. Early War • Leader of Continental Army- able to organize, secure equipment and turn the inexperienced soldiers into a professional military • Average soldier life difficult- varied how well and often paid, housing, supplies • This plus hard discipline, numerous early British victories, and threat of death hurt morale

22. First Victories • Christmas night 1776- Washington surprise attacks British fort guarded by Hessians- hired German mercenaries • Showed Washington’s army could fight as well as Europe • Spends 6 months of winter at Valley Forge, PA- darkest hour for Patriots. Low food, low supplies, disease • Washington orders intense training program- turned Continental Army into a capable, organized army

23. French Help • Benjamin Franklin sent to Paris to get France to help- French only help with major victory- don’t want to back a losing horse • Major victory at Saratoga, NY gets French to join war • French help also comes from Marquis de Lafayette • led American troops, worked with French king on how to gain American Independence

24. American Victory • Comes at Yorktown. Cornwallis gets trapped along coast by French Navy • surrounded by American forces from the southern states and those led by the Marquis de Lafayette on the • Treaty of Paris 1783 ends war- United States won independence from Great Britain gained all land east of the Mississippi

25. US constitution • Explain specific events and key ideas that brought about the adoption and implementation of the United States Consitution • Terms • US Constitution • Articles of Confederation • Shays’s Rebellion • Great Compromise • Slavery • Separation of Powers • Limited Government • Executive Branch • Checks and Balances • Federalists • Anti-Federalists • The Federalists • James Madison • Alexander Hamilton • States Rights • Bill of Rights • George Washington • Whiskey Rebellion • Political Parties • Factions • John Adams

26. Articles of Confederation • Written during Revolution- reflected fear of powerful national governments • No executive branch, could not tax, regulate commerce, or create currency • States have more power than federal government- issues between states led to problems

27. Shays Rebellion • Rebellion of poor farmers against Mass government • Economy in shambles- farmers cant pay debts or taxes • National government unable to do anything to stop • 1787- threat of foreign attacks emphasized now- recognized need for a stronger central government- need power to tax to fix the economy • Washington elected president of Constitutional Convention

28. Great Compromise • Debate on representation in national government • Large states want it based on population • Small States want all states equal • Create bicameral Congress- one branch based on population(House of Representatives), and the other equal (Senate)

29. Slavery • Southern states want slaves to count towards population • North refuses. • 3/5ths compromise is reached- south also gets slave trade for 20 years, and northern states have to return runaway slaves

30. Separation of Powers • Limited government- Federal system • Power divided b/w national and state governments • Federal powers divided between executive branch (President and Cabinet), Legislative (Congress) and the Judicial Branch (Supreme Court and lower federal courts) • State governments designed same way • Checks and Balances- each branch has some powers over each other branch • Presidential Veto • Supreme Court rule a law unconstitutional • Congress override presidential veto

31. Federalist and Anti-Federalists • States had to ratify Constitution • Anti-Federalists believed National government would become too powerful, does not outline rights given to states or each citizen • James Madison and Alexander Hamilton write Federalist Papers- series of letters published in newspapers- explaining intent of Constitution and why it should be accepted

32. Bill of Rights • Madison creates Bill of Rights to provide for state and citizen rights • 1. Freedom of expression • 2. Right to arms • 3. No housing of soldiers during peace • 4. Protection from unreasonable search and seizure • 5. Cannot be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law • 6. Right to trial by jury in criminal cases • 7. Right to trail by jury in most civil cases • 8. Prohibits excessive bails, fines, punishments • 9.Rights not mentioned in Constitution belong to the people • 10. Declares powers not given to the national government belong to the states or the people

33. President George Washington • 1st President of United States- set patterns, traditions, of the Presidency • Favored non-intervention in Europe, worked to improve relations with Britain • Displayed strength of executive branch during Whiskey Rebellion when Penn farmers rebelled against a national tax on whiskey • Way to change laws was peaceful petition of Congress, not rebellion

34. Political Parties • Division in Washington’s Cabinet between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton over the strength of the national government • Hamilton wants to expand government power to stabilize and expand nation and the economy • Jefferson believes the national government must limit it’s power • Washington stays for only 2 terms- Jefferson, Hamilton and their supporters challenge to replace him with someone on their “side” • Washington warns the American people about political parties (factions) and that they would divide the country

35. President John Adams • John Adams hero of the revolution in Mass. • Beats Jefferson barely, Jefferson becomes Vice President • Adams faced by problems with France, • XYZ Affair • Criticized heavily by Jefferson • Gets Congress to pass Alien and Sedition Acts- • Restricts free speech and press rights • Increased citizenship requirements for immigrants • Trying to cut off Jefferson’s support

36. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions • Written by Jefferson and Madison- argued that states could refuse to enforce federal laws they did not agree with • Birth of the States’ Rights concept • Adams troubles with Europe hurt the economy, Alien and Sedition Acts make him look like a tyrant • Jefferson wins the election of 1800 and starts a new era of expansion for the United States

37. Content Domain 2: New Republic Through Reconstruction

38. Early Expansion • Analyze the nature of territorial and population growth and its impact in the early decades of the new nation • Terms • Northwest Ordinance • Louisiana Purchase • Lewis and Clark • War of 1812 • Erie Canal • New York City • Monroe Doctrine

39. Moving West • Northwest Ordinance- outlined how new territory added to country, would create new states not add to current ones. • No slavery in new territory, Ohio River slavery border • Public schools required in new territory • Louisiana Purchase- US doubles in size when Jefferson buys Louisiana territory from France, • Lewis and Clark- hired to explore new territory and western lands to the Pacific- chartered trails, mapped rivers,

40. War of 1812 • Causes- • 1. Freedom of Seas- British attacking neutral US merchant ships • 2.British forcing American sailors to serve in Brit navy • 3. Americans believed British aiding Native Americans in North America • 4. Wanted control of North America • Result – • 1.Ends all US military hostility against Great Britain, • 2.America’s army and navy established as worth opponents against European powers • 3. American military achievements heighten nationalistic feelings

41. Improvements • National Infrastructure- with con’t west expansion, need to connect with east • Extensive toll roads built through country • Development of steam engine allows faster, easier river travel both ways • Erie Canal- connected Great Lakes region to Atlantic Ocean. Opened up western lands to further expansion

42. Rise of NYC- • With Erie Canal, NYC becomes the economic center of the United States. • Home of biggest gathering of artisans and crafts workers, soon becomes banking and commercial center of US • Monroe Doctrine- • President Monroe makes official declaration that any Euro attempt to re-colonize in Western Hemisphere would be seen as attack on US • US would remain neutral in all European conflicts

43. Explain the process of economic growth, its regional and national impact in the first half of the 19th century and the different responses to it • Terms • Industrial Revolution • Eli Whitney • Cotton Gin • Interchangeable Parts • Manifest Destiny • Temperance Movement • Abolitionism • Public School Reform • Women’s Suffrage • Elizabeth Cody Stanton • Seneca Falls Conference • Jacksonian Democracy

44. Industrialization • Industrial Revolution- power driven machines with unskilled or semiskilled workers replace hand tools operated by skilled laborers • Eli Whitney- developed interchangeable parts and the Cotton Gin • Cotton Gin- reduced amount of work to remove seed from cotton- • Increased profit of cotton- by reducing amount of time to produce fabric • South becomes totally dependent on cotton production and slave labor • Interchangeable parts- • Manufacturing identical parts to more easily replace broken mechanisms instead of replacing entire product • allows goods to be mass produced

45. Moving West • Reasons for Westward Growth • 1. Desire of most Americans to own their own land • 2. The discovery of gold and other valuable resources • 3.Belief that the US was destined to control North American continent- Manifest Destiny • Motivated somewhat by racists ideas towards Native Americans and Mexicans

46. Reform Movements • Temperance- effort to outlaw alcohol consumption • Increased size of religious orgs, • Women play key role, foundations of women’s movement • Abolition- outlaw slavery, prevent slavery from expansion • Makes slavery a political issues • Again women play key role • Public School- all children should be required to attend schools supported by taxpayers • Makes education a state and local issue • Improved schools by requiring trained teachers

47. Women’s Suffrage • Movement headed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Organized Seneca Falls Conference- first women’s rights convention 1848 • Marks the beginning of organized efforts of women to gain civil rights

48. Jackson • Jacksonian Democracy- seek stronger presidency and executive branch, • Marked by struggles against Congress and the Banking interests of the country • Spoils System- politicians appoint friends of campaign to government jobs- limit power of the elite class • Tariff Crisis with South Carolina- strengthened Presidents ability to enforce laws • Indian Crisis- forced Indians out of South into Indian Territory • Bank War

49. Explain the relationship between growing north-south divisions and westward expansion • Terms • Abolitionism • William Lloyd Garrison • Frederick Douglass • Grimke Sisters • Missouri Compromise of 1820 • Nat Turner’s Rebellion • Nullification Crisis • John C. Calhoun • Sectionalism • States’ Rights • Mexican-American War • Wilmot Proviso • Compromise of 1850

50. Abolition • Slavery largely over in north by 1820- efforts to abolish slavery increase • William Lloyd Garrison- published abolitionist newspaper, organized abolitionist societies • Frederick Douglass- former slave, traveled and gave speeches and lectures against slavery, published autobiography detailing horrors of slavery • Grimke Sisters- southern women who lectured in north about evils of slavery