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Chapter 30`

Chapter 30`. The War to End All Wars . Wilson Tries to Stay Out of War . Woodrow Wilson “peace without victory” Germany responded with an iron fist. End the Sussex Pledge Woodrow Wilson sought to arm merchant ships. Opposition?. Meanwhile,,,, in Europe. Two Front War Schleiffen Plan

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Chapter 30`

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  1. Chapter 30` The War to End All Wars

  2. Wilson Tries to Stay Out of War • Woodrow Wilson • “peace without victory” • Germany responded with an iron fist. • End the Sussex Pledge • Woodrow Wilson sought to arm merchant ships. • Opposition?

  3. Meanwhile,,,, in Europe • Two Front War • Schleiffen Plan • Number 42 • Big Bertha! • Defeat France before Russia mobilizes • Downside? • Hello Great Britain! • Success?

  4. Meanwhile,,,,, in Europe • Tannenburg • Two Front War • Rennenkampf • Samsonov • Hindenburg • Ludendorf • Result? • Clear to everyone now that this wasn’t going to be a short war

  5. The Last Straw: The Zimmerman Note • Secret Telegram • Interception by the British! • War on America! • What did the note promise?

  6. Unrestricted U-Boat Warfare • Four unarmed American merchant ships were sunk by German subs. • Russian Revolution!! • Significance: President Wilson decided the time had undoubtedly come for the U.S. to enter the war. • On April 2, 1917, Wilson asked Congress to declare war. • Congress declared war on April 6, 1917.

  7. Reluctant Americans • The challenge now was to lead many reluctant Americans into war. • Six senators (including the first congresswoman, (Jeanette Rankin) and 50 representatives had voted against the war.

  8. Wilson’s Plan • Convince mid-westerners • "make the world safe for democracy." • goal- not to fight for the riches or war, but to free others from the tyranny of autocrats. • Success!! • hang the Kaiser." • expense was Wilson's initial goal of "peace without victory."

  9. Wilson’s Fourteen Points • “moral” leader • Fourteen Points • Wilson's idealistic goals. • Peace goals for after the war?

  10. Fourteen Points: Main Ideas • 1) Abolishing secret treaties. • 2) Freedom of the seas. • 3) Removal of economic barriers between nations. • 4) Reduction of armaments. • 5) Changing colonial claims to help both colonizers and native peoples. • 6) "Self-determination" where groups choose their government for themselves. • 7) A committee called the League of Nations to hopefully settle international disputes peacefully. • ***This was idealistic Wilson's most desired point.

  11. America: Home Front • Committee on Public Information • SELL SELLSELL!. • George Creel • Success? • Result?

  12. Creel’s Tactics • “Four Minute Men” • Posters , leaflets, pamphlets • No TV? No Radio? Let’s go to the MOVIES!!. • Creel used movie shorts or propaganda films like The Kaiser, the Beast of Berlin or To Hell with the Kaiser. • Songs • “Over There”

  13. “Huns Kill Women and Children!”

  14. The “Mad Brute”

  15. The “Menace of the Seas”

  16. Creel Was TOO Successful • Ideals were TOO lofty. • Reality? • Dirty War • Fought in Trenches • No “glorious battle” • High casualties • Disillusioned young men who • later immortalized in Hemingway's novels • The Sun Also Rises • A Farewell to Arms.

  17. Enforcing Loyalty • Anti-German hysteria and discrimination. • Liberty Cabbage, e.g. • Espionage Act of 1917 • Sedition Act of 1918 • Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or Wobblies) • Witch-hunt against communism and socialism.

  18. Schenk v. United States • Charles Schenk • Socialist • Opposed the draft • Legal? • Role of the Supreme Court? • “Clear & Present Danger” • Example?

  19. US Enters the War Unprepared • Wilson had taken a few steps early on • Council of National Defense • increasing shipbuilding • Foreign trade • increasing the size of the army • The first major problem was mobilizing industry. • States- Rights advocates?

  20. Council of National Defense • War Industries Board – Bernard Baruch • Food Administration – Herbert Hoover • Fuel Administration- Harry Garfield • Railroad Administration – William McAdoo • National War Labor Board – W. H.Taft & Frank P. Walsh

  21. War Industries Board Created • March of 1918 • Wilson appointed Bernard Baruch-leader of the War Industries Board • Opposition to the WIB: America's love of laissez-faire was strong even in time of war.

  22. Forging a Wartime Economy • Food Administration • Hoover- Belgium • Voluntary efforts • Fuel Administration • Garfield • “Daylight Savings”

  23. U. S. Food Administration

  24. U. S. Food Administration

  25. U. S. Fuel Administration

  26. Samuel Gompers: AFL • Head of the American Federation of Labor (AF of L), • loyally supported the war. • I.W.W. • The AF of L, however, benefited from its work and loyalty. • ?How

  27. Problems the Workers Encountered During WWI • Wartime inflation • Effect on wage increase? • Strikes ran rampant—there were some 6,000 strikes, often violent. • For example- 1919 • Steel officials would not bargain. • Role of African Americans? • Reaction?

  28. Great Migration • African-Americans moved north • seeking jobs. • Tension, violence resulted. • Chicago • St. Louis.

  29. Women Still Want the Right To Vote • History • Seneca Falls • “Declaration of Sentiments” • National Woman Suffrage Association • Goal? • American Woman Suffrage Association • Goal? • 15th Amendment • Effect on Women? • 1890 • NAWSA • Goal?

  30. Women Still Want the Right To Vote • Changing of the guard • Carrie Chapman Catt • Strategy • Act “ladylike” • National Woman’s Party • Alice Paul • Goal • Strategy • Effect?

  31. Suffrage in Some States • Several states began granting women the right to vote including New York, Michigan, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. • Several western states had already granted women's suffrage. • The domino effect had begun.

  32. 19th Amendment: Finally • 19th Amendment • Finally! • A Women's Bureau emerged after the war with the goal of protecting women's newfound rights in the workplace. • most women left the jobs and returned to the homes after the war. • Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act (1921). • The law gave instruction on maternal and infant health care.

  33. Iron Jawed Angels • Coming Soon! (Monday)

  34. Making Plowboys into Doughboys • Role? • April-May 1917, • America would have to go "all in" to the war. • The need for more troops would lead to,,,,,,,,,,

  35. Selective Service Act • Age • Exemptions? • Success! • The army swelled to 4,000,000 men. • Training • Why? • Minorities/Women

  36. War: “Over There”

  37. Why Was America Tardy? • Logistics • Early Role • Others served in Belgium, Italy, and even Russia to prevent Russia from falling to Germany. • Siberia • Bolshevik Reaction?

  38. America Helps to Hammer the Hun • Hun is nickname for German. • Spring of 1918 • German Push • Marshal Foch • "To make war is to attack." • Reality? • U.S. soldiers arrived en masse in the Spring of 1918. • America's main roles in the war were • (1) in stopping the German assault on Paris • (2) providing a much-needed boost to morale • (3) providing supplies

  39. America Helps • Château-Thierry • only 40 miles from Paris. • Second Battle of the Marne • German withdrawal. • St. Mihiel.

  40. General J. Pershing Wants to Win • General John J. Pershing. • Wanted to do more than help; WIN • He wanted Americans to fight on their own. • Belleau Wood. • "TeufelHunden” • Meuse-Argonne • Sgt. Alvin C. York • VID ACTION! • GET YOUR POPCORN!

  41. Germany Surrenders • Germany ready to give up • psychological process • propaganda leaflets encouraging Germany to surrender. • 14 Points

  42. Wilson’s 14 Points Disarm Germany • Kaiser Removed • November 11th, 1918 • Armistice • This day became known as "Armistice Day" and then later, "Veterans' Day." • Even more than losses on the battlefield, what really stopped the Germans was the possibility of seemingly endless American troops and supplies.

  43. Wilson Personally Travels to Paris for the Peace Talks • Wilson’s popularity • mid-term elections of 1918 • Republican slim majority • Wilson decided to personally travel to Europe peace talks.

  44. Republicans Not Happy • Republican Reaction • Henry Cabot Lodge • Leaving out Republicans alienated them even more and would prove to be a costly mistake.

  45. Wilson in Paris • Paris Peace Conference. • Big Four • Orlando (Italy) • Clemenceau (France) • Lloyd George (Britain) • Wilson (U.S.). • Conflicting ambitions ruled the conference. • Britain and France • punish GermanyI • Italy • money or land • U.S. • heal wounds through Wilson’s League of Nations.

  46. Wilson’s Big Dream • Wilson’s big dream • League of Nations • He'd "sell the ranch" to get the League. • bargained with Britain and France. • Agreement? • War Guilt Clause was included which included the following: • (1) it formally placed blame on Germany, a proud and embarrassed people • (2) it charged Germany for the costs of war, $33 billion.

  47. Opposition to the Treaty in America • Opposittion in U.S. Growing • A 2/3 vote by the U.S. Senate is needed to approve a president's treaty. • William Borah • Hiram Johnson • Wanted isolation • unwise to turn American decision-making over to a group of foreign nations (the League of Nations).

  48. Europe Notices American Opposition • European reaction • France: • Rhineland and Saar regions (in between France and Germany). • against Wilson's idea of "self-determination." • Wilson agreed to: • Let France occupy the region for 15 years, then let the people vote: France or Germany? (they voted Germany). • The "Security Treaty" saying the U.S. and England would come to France's aid if they ever needed help.

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