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Understanding Gender: Sex, Identity, and Social Expectations

Explore the biological and social aspects of gender, including fetal sexual differentiation and gender socialization. Discover the impact of ideologies like sexism and patriarchy on gender stratification and inequality in institutions. Learn about labor force participation rates, dual labor market theory, and gender segregation. Uncover the challenges faced by women in the workplace, such as the glass ceiling and discrimination. Embrace feminist beliefs and the concept of comparable worth for achieving gender equity.

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Understanding Gender: Sex, Identity, and Social Expectations

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  1. Chapter 13Gender Key Terms

  2. SexBiological identity. • GenderSocially learned expectations and behaviors associated with each sex.

  3. Fetal sexual differentiationThe prenatal process that establishes biological differences between the sexes. • Biological determinismRefers to explanations that attribute complex social phenomena to physical characteristics.

  4. HermaphroditismCondition produced when irregularities in chromosome formation or fetal differentiation produce persons with mixed biological sex characteristics. • GendersocializationMen and women learn the expectations associated with their sex.

  5. Gender identityOne’s definition of oneself as a woman or man. • HomophobiaFear and hatred of homosexuality.

  6. GenderedinstitutionsStereotypical expectations, interpersonal relationships, and different placement of men and women in social, economic, and political hierarchies of institutions. • GenderstratificationAn institutionalized system that rests on ideologies that support the inequality of men and women.

  7. IdeologyBelief system that tries to explain and justify the status quo. • SexismAn ideology and a set of institutionalized practices and beliefs through which women are controlled because of the significance given to differences between the sexes.

  8. PatriarchySociety or group in which men have power over women. • MatriarchyA society or group in which women have power over men.

  9. Labor force participation ratePercentage of those in a given category who are employed part time or full time. • Human capital theoryAssumes that the economic system is fair and that competitive and wage differences reflect differences in the individual characteristics that workers bring to jobs.

  10. Dual labor market theoryContends that women and men earn different incomes because they tend to work in different segments of the labor market. • Gender segregationThe distribution of men and women in different jobs in the labor force.

  11. Index of dissimilarityIndicates the number of workers who would have to change jobs to have the same occupational distribution as the comparison group. • Glass ceilingRefers to the subtle yet decisive barrier to advancement that women encounter in the workplace.

  12. doing genderTheoretical perspective that interprets gender as something accomplished through the ongoing social interactions people have with one another. • DiscriminationPractices that single out some groups for different or unequal treatment.

  13. FeminismRefers to beliefs and actions that support justice, fairness, and equity for all women, regardless of their age, race, class, sexual orientation, or other characteristics. • Comparable worthPrinciple of paying women and men equivalent wages for jobs involving similar levels of skill.

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