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EXAMPLE 15.5

Consider the following reaction at equilibrium. What is the effect of adding additional CO 2 to the reaction mixture? What is the effect of adding additional CaCO 3. FOR MORE PRACTICE. Example 15.13a, b; Problems 65, 66, 67, 68. SKILLBUILDER 15.5.

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EXAMPLE 15.5

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  1. Consider the following reaction at equilibrium. What is the effect of adding additional CO2 to the reaction mixture? What is the effect of adding additional CaCO3. FOR MORE PRACTICE Example 15.13a, b; Problems 65, 66, 67, 68. SKILLBUILDER 15.5 The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium Consider the following reaction in chemical equilibrium. What is the effect of adding additional Br2 to the reaction mixture? What is the effect of adding additional BrNO? SKILLBUILDER PLUS What is the effect of removing Br2 some from the preceding reaction mixture? EXAMPLE 15.5 The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium Solution: Adding additional CO2 increases the concentration of CO2 and causes the reaction to shift to the left. Adding additional CaCO3 does not increase the concentration of CaCO3 because CaCO3 is a solid and thus has a constant concentration. It is therefore not included in the equilibrium expression and has no effect on the position of the equilibrium.

  2. Consider the following reaction at chemical equilibrium. What is the effect of decreasing the volume of the reaction mixture? Increasing the volume of the reaction mixture? FOR MORE PRACTICE Example 15.13c; Problems 69, 70, 71, 72. SKILLBUILDER 15.6 The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium Consider the following reaction in chemical equilibrium. What is the effect of decreasing the volume of the reaction mixture? Increasing the volume of the reaction mixture? EXAMPLE 15.6 The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium Solution: The chemical equation has 3 mol of gas on the right and 0 mol of gas on the left. Decreasing the volume of the reaction mixture increases the pressure and causes the reaction to shift to the left (toward the side with fewer moles of gas particles). Increasing the volume of the reaction mixture decreases the pressure and causes the reaction to shift to the right (toward the side with more moles of gas particles).

  3. The following reaction is endothermic. What is the effect of increasing the temperature of the reaction mixture? Decreasing the temperature? Solution: Since the reaction is endothermic, we can think of heat as a reactant. Raising the temperature is adding heat, causing the reaction to shift to the right. Lowering the temperature is removing heat, causing the reaction to shift to the left. FOR MORE PRACTICE Example 15.13d; Problems 73, 74, 75, 76. SKILLBUILDER 15.7 The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium The following reaction is exothermic. What is the effect of increasing the temperature of the reaction mixture? Decreasing the temperature? EXAMPLE 15.7 The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium

  4. Consider the following endothermic chemical reaction. Predict the effect of: (a) increasing [CO] (b) Increasing [H2O] (c) increasing the reaction volume (d) increasing the temperature EXAMPLE 15.13 Using LeChâtelier’s Principle Solution: (a) Shift left (b) Shift right (c) Shift right (more moles of gas on right) (d) Shift right (heat is a reactant)

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