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The Effect of Mating with Neanderthals and Denisovans on our I mmune system

The Effect of Mating with Neanderthals and Denisovans on our I mmune system. G roup A10 Gerald Duncan, Olivia Lahay, Madeline Lionberger, Kyle Sledge, Heather Yutko. Introduction. HLA (human leukocyte antigen): Genes important in immune system response

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The Effect of Mating with Neanderthals and Denisovans on our I mmune system

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  1. The Effect of Mating with Neanderthals and Denisovans on ourImmune system Group A10 Gerald Duncan, Olivia Lahay, Madeline Lionberger, Kyle Sledge, Heather Yutko

  2. Introduction • HLA (human leukocyte antigen): Genes important in immune system response • Haplotype: Combination of alleles transmitted together • Ligand: binds to receptors • Natural Killer Cells: Integral part of immune system • Denisovans: group similar to Neanderthals • Balancing selection: Multiple alleles maintained in population • Introgression: Gene flow between hybrids and parental populations • Admixture: Mixing formerly unexposed populations

  3. Data/Results • Study led by Stanford University • Human migration from Africa occurred 67,500 years ago •  Maximum of  4% of modern Eurasian genomes can be traced back to Neanderthals • Maximum of 4-6% of modern Melanesian genomes can be traced back to Denisovans • Thousands of alleles per HLA • Denisovans would have to evolved certain immunities (Malaria)

  4. http://images.dailytech.com/nimage/21570_large_HLA_B_Protein.jpghttp://images.dailytech.com/nimage/21570_large_HLA_B_Protein.jpg Model of a HLA-B Protein

  5. Data/Results (Cont’d) • Percentage of HLA-A deviations believed (Abi-Rached)  to be from sexual activity with extinct races: • European: 50% • Chinese: 70% • Papua New Guinean: 95% • 50-60 % of Chinese inhabitants possess A*11 • Very rare in African regions

  6. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/334/6052/89/F2.large.jpg

  7. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/334/6052/89/F3.large.jpg

  8. Discussion • The findings suggest: • Interbreeding between archaic humans and Homo sapiens. • Adaptive introgression of HLA genes. • HLA: • Control NK cells • T cell immunity • Highly polymorphic---different alleles • Vital immune system component

  9. Conclusion • Some HLA alleles in modern humans may have originated from extinct human species. • These alleles may contribute to defending against locally prevalent diseases.

  10. Literature Cited • Abi-Rached, Jobin, Kulkami, McWhinnie, Dalva, Gragert, Babrzadeh, Gharizadeh, Luo, Plummer, Kimani, Carrington, Middleton, Rajalingam, Beksac, Marsh, Maiers, Guethlein, Tavoularis, Little, Green, Norman & Parham. 2011. “The Shaping of Modern Human Immune Systems by Multiregional Admixture with Archaic Humans.” Science Mag, online. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/334/6052/89.full • Freeman, Scott. Biological Science. 4th ed. San Francisco: Person Education, Inc, 2011. Print. • Handbook of Statistical Genetics. 3rd ed. Eds. D.J. Balding, M. Bishop., C. Cannings. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2007. Print. • “Haplotype.” genome.gov. National Human Genome Research Institute. Web. 17 November 2012. http://www.genome.gov/Glossary/index.cfm?id=99 • McGrath, Matt. “Neanderthal sex boosted immunity in modern humans.” BBC News, online. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14673047 • Mick, Jason. “Neanderthal Sex Gave Europeans and Asians Stronger Immune Systems.” Daily Tech, online. http://www.dailytech.com/Neanderthal+Sex+Gave+Europeans+and+Asians+Stronger+Immune+Systems/article22 555.htm • Rhymer, Judith M and Daniel Simberloff. “Extinction by Hybridization and Introgression.” Annual Reviews Inc., 1996. Web. 17 November 2012. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83 • Sample, Ian. “The Downside of Sex with Neanderthals.” The Guardian, online. http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/blog/2011/aug/25/neanderthal-denisovan-genes-human-immunity • Vivier E, Tomasello E, Baratin M, Walzer T, Ugolini S. “Functions of natural killer cells.” Nat Immunol, May 2008. Web. 17 November 2012. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18425107 • Young, Ed. “Did sex with Neanderthals and Denisovans shape our immune system? The jury’s still out.” Discover Magazine, online. http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2011/08/25/did-sex-with-neanderthals-and- denisovans-shape-our-immune-systems-the-jury%E2%80%99s-still-out/

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