The work was supported by National Institute of Mental Health grant T32MH15161 and the University of New Hampshire.

1. Soc 695 Family Violence Research In World Perspective Murray A. Straus THE INTERNATIONAL DATING VIOLENCE STUDY (IDVS)* A STUDY OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN 32 COUNTRIES • The work was supported by National Institute of Mental Health grant T32MH15161 and the University of New Hampshire.

2. OBJECTIVES TODAY • AN OVERVIEW OF THE INTERNATIONAL DATING VIOLENCE STUDY You will be using this data for lab projects all semester • UNDERSTAND THE IDEA OF THEORY AND HOW IT APPLIES TO THE STUDY OF FAMILY VIOLENCE • UNDERSTAND HOW THE CONFLICT TACTICS SCALES MEASURES FAMILY VIOLENCE • * Shows the importance of measurement in science • * Illustrates some aspects of the sociology of science

4. MAIN PURPOSES OF THE IDVS

5. PURPOSE 2: TEST THEORIES ABOUT THE CAUSES OF VIOLENCE AGAINST PARTNERS • WHAT IS A THEORY? • For purposes of this course: • * An explanation of why something is the way it is. • * Can be: 1. As yet untested – a set of ideas • 2. Tested but not yet widely accepted • 3. Conclusive in the sense of the evidence is accepted by almost all scientists in that filed • But even category 3 is always open to question • Example of theory to be tested in the next two labs: • * Spanking is part of the explanation of violence • * Falls in category 2

6. ANOTHER EXAMPLE * WHAT IS THE THEORY TESTED FOR THIS GRAPH? * WHAT ARE TWO THEORIES OF DATING VIOLENCE THAT YOU WOULD LIKE TO SEE TESTED?

7. OTHER EXAMPLES OF THEORIES THAT CAN BE TESTED WITH INTERNATIOAL DATING VIOLENCE STUDY DATA ANTI-SOCIAL PERSONALITY ALCOHOL ABUSE ANGER MANAGEMENT SKILL DOMINANCE OF ONE PARTNER COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS CRIMINALITY GENDER HOSTILITY GENDER INEQUALITY SELF-CONTROL SOCIAL INTEGRATION SOCIAL STRESS VIOLENT CHILD REARING VIOLENT CULTURAL NORMS

9. THE CONCEPT OF A “RISK FACTOR” • “RISK FACTOR” IS A SYNONYM FOR THE INDEPENDENT • VARIABLE WHEN IT REFERS TO • A CONDITION WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH AND INCREASED PROBABILITY OF A DISEASE OR PROBLEM • EXAMPLES: • SMOKING AND DEATH FROM SMOKING RELATED DISEASE (33% chance) • MALE DOMINANCE AND WIFE BEATING • (20% chance - 7 fold increase) • SPANKING AND DELINQUENCY • (24% chance - 5 fold increase) • BINGE DRINKING AND WIFE BEATING • (19% chance - 3 fold increase)

10. SOME ILLUSTRATIVE FINDINGS* RATES OF ASSAULT AND INJURY * TESTS OF THEORIES ABOUT THE CAUSES

11. PHYSICAL ASSAULT SCALE OF THE CTS2 MINOR PHYSICAL ASSAULT • Slapped my partner • Grabbed my partner • Threw something at my partner that could hurt • Twisted my partner’s arm or hair • Pushed or shoved my partner SEVERE PHYSICAL ASSAULT • Punched or hit my partner with something that could hurt • Kicked my partner • Slammed my partner against a wall • Choked my partner • Beat up my partner • Burned or scalded my partner • Used knife or gun on my partner

12. PHYSICAL ASSAULT RATES

13. CTS2

14. TOTAL INJURY SEVERE INJURY

15. FIGURE 1. THE HIGHER THE PERCENT WHO SEVERELY ASSAULTED A PARTNER, THE MORE PARTNERS WHO WERE INJURED (TOTAL) SCATTER PLOT EXAMPLE r = 0.85

16. CTS2

17. CONCLUSIONS HIGH RATES OF ASSAULT AND INJURY IN ALL COUNTRIES RATES OF PERPETRATION BY WOMEN AND MEN ARE SIMILAR, EXCEPT MEN CAUSE MORE INJURY THE INJURY DATA SHOWS THAT MANY ASSAULTS ARE NOT TRIVIAL RESULTS ARE CONSISTENT WITH OTHER STUDIES OF STUDENTS THERE ARE LARGE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. Presumably these are because of cultural and social organizational differences between the national contexts We will test that theory in the lab projects

19. LIMITATIONS OF THE IDVS • NOT A RANDOM SAMPLE OF ANY SPECIFIC UNIVERSE “Random” “Universe” Implications • NO ASSURANCE THAT TRANSLATIONS WERE DONE CORRECTLY • EVEN IF TRANSLATED CORRECTLY, CONCEPT MAY NOT BE MEANINGFUL IN ALL CULTURAL CONTEXTS • PROCEDURES WERE BIZARRE FOR STUDENTS IN SOME COUNTRIES • WEAK OR NO EVIDENCE OF VALIDITY FOR MOST OF THE MEASURES OF RISK FACTORS • NOT ENOUGH CASES IN A FEW COUNTRIES • OTHER?

20. WHY THE IDVS IS WORTH DOING DESPITE THE LIMITATIONS • NO OTHER DATA ON PV THAT IS COMPARABLE INTERNATIONALLY • PERMITS TESTS OF MANY THEORIES

21. POINTS TO BE SURE YOU UNDERSTAND • THE TWO MAIN PURPOSES OF THE IDVS AND WHAT THE DIFFERENCE IS • AN EXAMPLE OF A RESULT FROM EACH PURPOSE • WHAT A SCATTER PLOT AND REGRESSION LINE ARE (WILL BE CLEAR WHEN WE DO LAB C) • THE CONCEPT OF “RISK FACTOR” AND AN EXAMPLE • THE CONCEPT OF A “SOCIAL CAUSE” • THE CONCEPT OF MULTIPLE CAUSATION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS • LIMITATIONS OF THE IDVS • WHY THE STUDY IS WORTH DOING DESPITE THOSE LIMITATIONS

22. END FOR SOC 695 (2007)

23. SOME FINDINGS ON RISK FACTORS FOR VIOLENCE AGAINST A DATING PARTNER • Each Tests A Theory About What Is Related To Or Causes Partner Violence • Data On Risk Factors Is From The Personal And Relationships Profile

29. ARE COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS PART OF THE PROBLEM?`

30. E

31. RISK FACTORS FOR PSYSYCHOLOGICAL AGGRESSION (VERBAL ATTACKS)* RISK FACTORS ARE SIMILAR TO RISK FACTORS FOR PHYSICAL ASSAULT* PROBABLY BECAUSE PSYCHOLGICAL AND PHYSICAL ATTACKS ARE HIGHLY CORRELATED

32. CTS2

34. THE PREVIOUS FOUR GRAPHS ILLUSTRATE TESTS OF FOUR THEORIES • SOCIAL INTEGRATION • CRIMINAL HISTORY • COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS • LENGTH OF THE RELATIONSHIP ALSO ILLUSTRATES THE INTER-RELATION OF THE SOCIAL AND THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CAUSES

35. WHAT IS A THEORY • For Purposes Of This Course • * AN EXPLANATION FOR WHY SOMETHING EXISTS, OCCURS, OR CHANGES • * “PROVEN” OR ESTABLISHED THEORY VERSUS HYPOTHESIZED THEORY • Proven means that the accumulated the evidence has reached the point where there is a concensus among scientists that the theory is correct. Examples: Heliocentric theory of the solar system • Evolution • Birds descended from dinasors now proven • * ANY THEORY ABOUT HUMAN BEHAVIOR THAT IDENTIFIES ONLY ONE CASUSE IS PROBABLY WRONG • In the sense of incomplete because almost all behavior has multiple causes. Examples: • Drinking problems • Male dominance • Social learning

36. THE CONCEPT OF A “RISK FACTOR” • “RISK FACTOR” IS A SYNONYM FOR THE INDEPENDENT • VARIABLE WHEN IT REFERS TO • A CONDITION WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH AND INCREASED PROBABILITY OF A DISEASE OR PROBLEM • EXAMPLES: • SMOKING AND DEATH FROM SMOKING RELATED DISEASE (33% chance) • MALE DOMINANCE AND WIFE BEATING • (20% chance - 7 fold increase) • SPANKING AND DELINQUENCY • (24% chance - 5 fold increase) • BINGE DRINKING AND WIFE BEATING • (19% chance - 3 fold increase)

38. CONCLUSIONS VIOLENCE AGAINST DATING PARTNERS HAS MANY “CAUSES” (“RISK FACTORS”) THE “CAUSES” OF VIOLENCE AGAINST PARTNERS ARE SIMILAR FOR MEN AND WOMEN EACH ADDITONAL RISK FACTOR INCREASE THE PROBABILITY OF VIOLENCE, BUT NONE GUARANTEE VIOLENCE MOST OF THE RISK FACTORS ARE THINGS THAT CAN BE CHANGED. SO PREVENTION OF FAMILY VIOLENCE IS A REALISTIC SOCIAL POLICY GOAL