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Environmental Crisis: Landfill Overflow and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Learn about the overflowing landfill in Delhi and the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on global warming. Understand the consequences and ways to control the environmental crisis.

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Environmental Crisis: Landfill Overflow and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

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  1. GLOBAL ISSUES:GLOBAL WARMINGOZONE LAYER DEPLETION Dr. Unnikrishnan P.C. Professor, EEE, RSET

  2. MalayalaManorama Dated: 29-08-2017

  3. Ghazipur Landfill Collapse-Facts • Every day, 10,000 tonnes of garbage is generated in Delhi. • The landfill has crossed the height of 50 metres and still 3000 tonnes of garbage continued to be dumped here every day. • The EDMC has not identified any other alternative site to dump waste so far. • Commissioned in 1984 but not designed according to the Municipal Solid Waste Rules of 2000, which mandates all such dumpsites to have eco-friendly garbage management facilities. • The site had no certification from Delhi Pollution Control Committee and should have shut down in 2006.

  4. MalayalaManorama Dated: 02-09-2017

  5. Polluting water a non-bailable offense in Kerala... • MalayalaManorama Dated: 22-09-2017 Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala will make waste dumping in waterbodies a crime, penalizing the offenders with jail terms and fines. As per the new law, dumping waste in the waterbodies will be a non-bailable offense. The proposed amendments to the water protection law stipulate a jail term of three or more years and hence empowers courts to deny bail. Those who repeat the act even after a small punishment will get a minimum of one year in jail. The amendments, to be issued as an ordinance, also set a Rs 2,00,000 penalty. The cabinet decision on the amendments has been sent to the governor for approval.

  6. GLOBAL ISSUES:GLOBAL WARMINGOZONE LAYER DEPLETION Dr. Unnikrishnan P.C. Professor, EEE, RSET

  7. GLOBAL WARMING • Is the world getting warmer? • If so, are the actions of mankind to blame for earth’s temperature increases? • What can/should be done about these issues?

  8. History of Earth’s Climate • Earth formed ~4.6 billion years ago • Originally very hot • Sun’s energy output only 70% of present • Liquid water present ~4.3 billion years

  9. History of Earth’s Climate • Life appeared ~3.8 billion years ago • Photosynthesis began 3.5-2.5 billion years ago • Produced oxygen and removed carbon dioxide and methane (greenhouse gases) • Earth went through periods of cooling (“Snowball Earth”) and warming

  10. Nitrogen (N2) Oxygen (O2) Water (H2O) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Earth’s Atmospheric Gases Non-Greenhouse Gases 99% Greenhouse Gases1%

  11. GREEN HOUSE GASES_THEIR SOURCES • Carbon dioxide (CO2) • Combustion of solid waste, fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), and wood and wood products • Methane(CH4) • Production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from the decomposition of organic wastes in municipal solid waste landfills, and the raising of livestock. • Nitrous oxide (N2O) • Agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels. • Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), • Industrial processes.

  12. The U.S. emits about 6.4 billion metric tons of greenhouse gases annually, 25% of the world’s total. These greenhouse gases last a long time… Carbon dioxide stays in the atmosphere for approximately 100 years, methane lasts about 12 years. Other greenhouse gases last even longer. As these gases continue to raise surface temperatures, they trigger the release of even greater quantities of carbon dioxide and methane that are currently trapped in frozen Arctic permafrost and tundra soils, further increasing temperatures. A feedback mechanism ensues… …potentially causing “runaway global warming”.

  13. CONSEQUENCES OF Green House Effect • Rise in temp of earth’s surface. • Melting of ice caps in polar regions. • Frequent and more cyclones /hurricanes. • Decrement in biological productivity. • Surface water vapourizes faster-drought. • Increased desertification • Rise in sea level-cities submerged in water

  14. Control of Green House Effect • CO2-cut-reducing use of fossil fuels. • Promote biofuels /gas, Renewable energy-solar/wind • Restrict CO2&CFC-Release from industries and automobiles. • Promoting usage of unleaded petrol, catalytic converter and other pollution control techniques. • Afforestation • Use of bicycles

  15. GHG INDIA-FACTS GHG footprint (Aggregation of Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of GHG’s) of Delhi, Greater Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Greater Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad are found to be 38,633.2 Gg, 22,783.08 Gg, 14,812.10 Gg, 22,090.55 Gg, 19,796.5 Gg, 13,734.59 Gg and 91,24.45 Gg CO2 eq., respectively. The major contributors sectors are transportation sector (contributing 32%, 17.4%, 13.3%, 19.5%, 43.5%, 56.86% and 25%), Domestic sector (contributing 30.26%, 37.2%, 42.78%, 39%, 21.6%, 17.05% and 27.9%) and Industrial sector (contributing 7.9%, 7.9%, 17.66%, 20.25%, 12.31%, 11.38% and 22.41%) of the total emissions in Delhi, Greater Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Greater Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad, respectively. Chennai emits 4.79 t of CO2 equivalent emissions per capita, the highest among all the cities followed by Kolkata which emits 3.29 t of CO2 equivalent emissions per capita. Also Chennai emits the highest CO2 equivalent emissions per GDP (2.55 t CO2 eq./Lakh Rs.) followed by Greater Bangalore which emits 2.18 t CO2 eq./Lakh Rs. www.sciencedirect.com/ by TV Ramachandra - ‎2015 -

  16. Households are Big Contributors to Climate Change • Of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions come from households: • Vehicles • Home Heating • Electricity 40 %

  17. So how can each of us slow global warming now?

  18. Reduce our consumption of fossil fuels Because greenhouse gas emissions are tied very closely to our energy consumption, using less fossil fuel based energy puts fewer greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This will help slow global warming. Mountaintop removal for coal mining near Rawl, West Virginia. 50% of electricity in the United States is produced from coal. (

  19. Kitchen Light Fixture-Comparative Study Three 60 Watt Bulbs & Three CFL

  20. 197.1 kWh/yr 54 x 10 540 Wh/day 18 x3 54 W 540x365 197,100 Wh/year 3 bulbs 18 W 10 hours a day

  21. 197 kWh $35.46 $115.34 228.52 743.3 514.8 $79.88

  22. Replacing just 1 incandescent light bulb with 1 compact florescent bulb saves about 150 pounds of carbon dioxide per year! We can make some simple substitutions If every household replaced just 5 high-use incandescent bulbs with compact florescent lights we'd collectively save more than $8 billion each year in energy costs and we would prevent the greenhouse gases equivalent to the emissions from nearly 10 million cars. Source: http://www.energystar.gov

  23. Small changes really add up Replace your old refrigerator with a new Energy Star: Annual savings: $90; 700 pounds CO2 Set your thermostat down a few degrees in the winter Annual savings: $135; 1400 pounds CO2 Drive JUST 10 fewer miles per week Annual savings: $80; 520 pounds CO2 Reduce your garbage by 10% through greater recycling or reduced packaging Annual savings: 1200 pounds CO2 Wash clothes in cold water only Annual savings: $70; 500 pounds CO2 Caulk and weather-strip around doors and windows Annual savings: $80; 650 pounds CO2 * These are mid-range estimates from published sources; your savings may vary.

  24. Our take-home message… Each of us must take steps to protect our Earth's climate.

  25. THE OZONE LAYER(DEPLETION) What is it? Where is it? Why is it important to life on Earth? How are we as humans affecting it?

  26. What is the ozone layer? • The ozone layer is a layer of gas consisting of O3 molecules, called ozone, that forms when free Oxygen molecules bond to O2 molecules.

  27. Ozone-CHAPMAN cycle • Ozone is a molecule consisting of oxygen atoms. • Ozone gas can be created or destroyed by the sun’s UltraViolet rays as shown in the picture to the right.

  28. Where is the ozone layer? • The ozone layer is a protective layer of gas molecules located within the stratosphere. • Ozone gas also exists in the troposphere and at ground level, but most is located within the stratospheric layer shown to the right. • Dobson unit: One DU is equal to 0.001 cm at std. temp & pressure. • 100 DU-1 mm thick layer at temp & pressure found at earth’s Atm.

  29. Why is it important to life on Earth? • On a daily basis, the sun radiates its energy toward Earth. One form of this energy is UltraViolet radiation, also known as UV rays. • UV rays are relatively high energy waves that provide Earth with the warmth it needs to support life as we know it.

  30. Ultra-Violet Radiation • UV rays penetrate the Earth’s atmosphere at 3 slightly different wavelengths called UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C rays.

  31. So, why is the ozone layer important to life on Earth? • The stratospheric ozone layer completely stops the penetration of UV-C rays and eliminates most of the UV-B rays. • Therefore, the ozone layer protects life on Earth from the harmful effects of solar radiation on a daily basis.

  32. So what might life be like without the ozone layer?

  33. How are we as humans affecting the ozone layer? • Since 1928, Chlorofluorocarbons have been produced, originally as nonflammable refrigerants for use in refrigerators, and eventually for use in fire extinguishers, dry cleaning agents, pesticides, degreasers, adhesives, and as propellants for aerosol products. • As these CFCs have been released into the atmosphere, the level of ozone in the stratosphere has decreased. • CFCs have an estimated lifespan of more than 100 years.

  34. CFCs and Ozone

  35. And the effects of all those CFCs...

  36. So what about the hole in the ozone layer? October 1979 October 2007

  37. The Ozone Hole • Since the 1970’s the ozone hole has been increasing in size over the Antarctic. • For the first time, in September of 2000, the ozone hole became so large it actually left populated areas of southern Chile fully exposed to the effects of the Sun’s UV rays.

  38. EFFECTS OF OZONE DEPLETION • Effect of human beings and other animals. • Effect of aquatic ecosystem. • Effect on terrestrial plants. • Effect on air quality. • Effect on materials.

  39. How does ozone depletion affect global warming and ultimately climate change? • As ozone levels in the stratosphere are depleted, more solar radiation penetrates the Earth’s atmosphere. • This affect results in an increase in solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface adding to an increase in surface temperature. • In turn, global warming actually results in a warming of the troposphere, but a cooling of the stratosphere, hindering the ozone layer’s natural chemistry for repairs.

  40. So what are we doing about it? • After the discovery of ozone depletion in the late 1970’s, many countries agreed that something must be done worldwide to stop the production of man-made, ozone harmful products. • The international community adopted the Vienna Convention in 1985 followed by the Montreal Protocol in 1987. • The latest reports confirm that it has led to the phasing out of about 95% of the consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) listed in the agreement. In turn, this has led to the prospect of the ozone layer recovering by 2050 to 2075. • Furthermore, the phasing out of ozone-depleting substances has helped to fight climate change since many of these chemicals are also powerful greenhouse gases. According to a recent study, the phasing out of substances under the Protocol led to more reductions in greenhouse gases than what is foreseen under the Kyoto Protocol.

  41. MONTREAL PROTOCOL • CFC-ODS-phasing out their production • Development of alternative refrigerants (ozone friendly). • HCFC &HFC-ozone friendly substitutes having following properties: • Smaller atm life time • Zero ozone depletion potential cmp to CFC’s. • Less toxic • Envir. friendly • Must have at least one H atom.

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