BUILDING GENDER EQUALITY in GOVERNANCE: the Indonesia Experience

1. BUILDING GENDER EQUALITYin GOVERNANCE: the Indonesia Experience Presented at the 6th Asia Pacific Congress of WOMEN IN POLITICS, February 10-12, 2006, Makati City, Philippines, by: TITI SUMBUNG, Executive Director, Indonesian Center for Women in Politics (ICWIP) Jalan Gedung Hijau I/32, Pondok Indah, JAKARTA 12310, INDONESIA. Phone: 6221-75907219, Fax: 6221-75905978 E-mail: icwip@cbn.net.id

2. INTRODUCTION:1993: ASIA-Pacific Symposium on WID Ind.NGO Com. Forum for thr Advancement of Women;1995: Beijing Conference for Women  BPFA;1999: Adopt TSM 30%  Ind. Center for Women in Polotics(ICWIP);2000 : Network of Women in Politics2001 : Joined the launching of the’50-50:Get the BALANCE Right’ campaign, Manila;*2002: Advocate for more women in decision making Legal Reformed (Political Party & Election)2003: NGO Strategic Planning to Increase Participation & Representation in Politics & Publiclife.

3. DATA & FACTS: INDONESIA (2002) There is still an insignificant number of women in power structure & decision making positions in legislative, civil service and judiciary  silent majority.

4. POLICY GAINS: 2004 GENERAL ELECTIONA New Chapter for Indonesia Democracy • The 2004 general election holds a strategic significance for the democracy movement in Indonesia. For the first time ever, along with the election of National Parliament (DPR) and Provincial level Parliament, there was an election of Regional Representative (DPD) – similar to Senate. Also for the first time, President and Vice President were elected directly by the people (5 July 2004). • No more political appointedrepresentatives!

5. TEMPORARY SPECIAL MEASURE (TSM):QUOTA 30% Law No.12/2003 on election of Parliament Members was endorsed on February 18, 2003, with a clause on quota for women representation in Article 65 section 1: “ Every political parties participating in the general election in NOMINATING CANDIDATES for DPR, Provincial DPRD and municipality DPRD members in every region SHOULD CONSIDER WOMEN’S REPRESENTATION OF AT LEAST 30%” Although the clause is not compulsory, the above political decision should be seen as opportunity as well as challenge, and should act as political foundation to increase women’s political participation and representation.

6. 2004 Election ResultsParticipation for Women • A. DPR (PARLIAMENT) : 550 SEATS • A slight improvement from 43 (9%) in the 1999 election to 61 (11.09%) in the 2004 election. • Electoral system used in 1999 is proportional with closed-list system. In the 2004 election, the proportion is “half-opened”. Meaning that the internal mechanism in the political party still have the strong hold of the political party list in the recruitment system.

7. B. DPD* (REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVE / INDEPENDENT CANDIDATES) : 128 SEATSWider opportunity for women, which is non-partisan.Voters maybe more likely to vote for a woman if not tied to a party!!!*) Similar to “Senator” Source : IFES Indonesia 2004 Election Results:Participation & Representation of Women

8. LEGAL FRAMEWORK • Equal Citizen: 1945 CONSTITUTION Article 27; • Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW); • Political Rights of Women: Law No.58/1958; • Women’s Rights = Human Rights: Law No.39/1999; • Temporary Special Measure: 1945 Constitution, Article 28H (2) No Legal Barriers: de jure = OK! Constraint : de facto equality

9. STRATEGIES FOR CHANGE A. Human Component WOMEN B. SOCIO CULTURAL VALUES C. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

10. STRATEGIES FOR CHANGE A. HUMAN COMPONENT • EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN at all levels  grassroots!! • Self-esteem • Citizenship education / Political Awareness • Leadership training • Capacity building AFFIRMING DIFFERENCE CELEBRATING WHOLENESS A PARTNERSHIP OF EQUALS: ♂ - ♀ Create Synergy WIN-WIN STRATEGY

11. STRATEGIES FOR CHANGE B. SOCIO CULTURAL VALUES CREATE CONDUCIVE ENVIRONMENT  CHANGING OF A CULTURE • Seminar / Workshops • IEC {Information, Education,Communication) Activities • Media Campaign • Advocacy : Internal political parties (maintain a PR-based election system for DPR / DPRD. Change the internal political parties working procedure be more democratic, just and transparent in the recruitment system) A PARADIGM SHIFT

12. STRATEGIES FOR CHANGE C. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM ADVOCACY FOR POLICY CHANGE • Affirmative action policies; Temporary special measures quota 30% • Legal reform  new / change law; • Networking - Establish Inter-political parties women’s caucuses – NGO / CSO; - Among NGOs/CSOs; • Promote GO – NGO Partnership; • PRE-REQUISITE “bottom-up” planning system  gender mainstreaming /engendering development Making Governance Gender Responsive

13. CHANGE PROCESS Phases of Transition: • DENIAL – the first reaction to change; VISIBILITY is the starting point for integrating women into the mainstream of development process • RESISTANCE – convincing and integrating women’s concerns into the planning process (through action research)

14. CHANGE PROCESS • EXPLORATION – conducting the environmental scanning (internal), change of the organization culture; • COMMITMENT – strengthen the system / institution. We are still in phase 1 & 2.

15. STRATEGIC ISSUES : • Lack of women in power = “ A DEFISIT OF DEMOCRACY” • Women’s representation in public policy (legislative, executive, yudicative)  “GO BEYOND NUMBERS” • “top-down” planning; • Gender insensitivity impacts on FORMULATING PUBLIC POLICY, SETTING PRIORITIES, PLAN-NING & BUDGETING, IMPLEMENTATION & EVALUATION of development programs; • MASCULINITY OF POLITICAL SYSTEM; • CORRUPTION & MONEY POLITICS

16. LESSONS LEARNED: • The passing of the Election Bill with TSM(30%) cannot be separated from the dynamic role of NGOs and partnership of NGOs – GO; • The significant achievement of women in DPD has demonstrated the acceptance of women in leadership by the community; • TSM as stipulated in the law HAS NOT succeed-ed in increasing women’s representation at all levels. Because of the constraints they faced in the internal system of political parties  strongly gender stereotyped & male domination; • Misunderstood of the concept of GENDER MAINSTREAMING; it is generally understood as mainstreaming genderitself,instead of main-streaming the GENDER PERSPECTIVE in every day life, especially in formulating public policy & program planning & budgeting;

17. STRATEGIES • WOMEN’s CONTRIBUTION AND POTENCIES = a NEW PARADIGM for SUSTAINIBILITY DEVELOPMENT = NATION HUMAN RESOURCES (ASSET) Differences between WOMEN and MEN = SYNERGIC STRENGTH Affirming Difference, Celebrating Wholeness, A PARTNERSHIP of EQUALS! WIN-WIN STRATEGY

18. 2. INCREASING THE QUALITY OF PUBLIC POLICY Women’s touch/ feminin character • balancing the masculine IN THE PROCESS OF: • PRIORITY DECISION; • FORMULATING PUBLIC POLICIES; • PROGRAM/PROJECT PLANNING; • RESOURCES ALLOCATION/BUDGETING; • MONITORING AND EVALUATION. • HUMAN VALUES

19. 3. TO INCREASE WOMEN’s CAPACITY  citizen-ship. Leadership & POLITICAL EDUACATION at all levels  especially at grassroots level. “CAPACITY BUILDING” To Build qualified local Political Cadres in order to influence Local public policy planners  increase community participation, develop a “Bottom-Up” planning Approached : Non-Violence

20. The concept of “ANDROGINYOUS leadership” provides an adequate model for the application of partnership between women and men as equal human beings. To be a good leader is a blend of a good feminin and good masculine characters. • For women entering politics should trasform their feminin characters and values into the political arena and public life  Transformative politics

21. 4. INCREASE WOMEN’S REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION Thru: TEMPORARY SPECIAL MEASURES (TSM) NEED MORE WOMEN IN THE PROCESS OF PUBLIC POLICIES DECISION  GO BEYOND NUMBERS : QUALITY+QUANTITY AT PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS: • LEGISLATIVE • EXECUTIVE • JUDICATIVE

22. 5. BUILDING WOMEN’S SOLIDARITY • TO BUILD NETWORKING; LOCAL – NATIONAL – REGIONAL – INTERNATIONAL CSOs (Civil Society Organizations): BETWEEN MASS ORGANIZATION, NGOs, POLITICAL PARTIES, ACADEMIA, NGOs – GO. COMMUNICATION FORUM/NETWORKS : WOMEN IN POLITICS

23. 6. WOMEN POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT AGENDA: “3 IN 1” CEDAW – BPFA – MDGs CEDAW CONVENTION : LEGAL FRAMEWORKS BPFA : OPERATIONAL BASIS MDGs : TARGET AND INDICATORS

24. THANK YOU