Presentation by Tara Green “ALABAMA: The History, Geography, Economics, and Civics of an American State”

1. Presentation by Tara Green “ALABAMA: The History, Geography, Economics, and Civics of an American State”

2. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 1 • About the time Alabama became a state (1819), the differences between the northern and southern states increased. • Most of the issues between the North and South involved politics and slavery. The South depended on agriculture (farming). Manufacturing (making) and commerce (buying and selling) were important to the North. These differences were called sectionalism. • After the American Revolution ended in 1783, northern states had abolished (ended) slavery. • North- commerce and manufacturing was based on wages (money paid). Free workers received money for their labor, even though they were paid very little.. • South- commercial agriculture relied on slavery. Planters believed that only slavery could provide enough labor to make agriculture a money making business. They did not believe a wage system would work. • Those who opposed (didn’t agree with) slavery were called abolitionists. Ministers were very active in opposing slavery.

3. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 1 • When goods were shipped into the United States from Europe, a tariff (tax) had to be paid. The North and South also disagreed on this issue: ▪South-opposed (didn’t agree with) the tariff because they feared it would raise the cost of imported goods. They also feared that the North would begin to tax their exported goods, especially cotton. • The North and South also disagreed on the issue of states’ rights: ▪South-believed that the Constitution gave each state the right to decide issues for itself. Southern states couldn’t decide if they wanted slavery or not. ▪North-believed that all U.S. citizens should all obey the same federal laws. • The North and South became more and more divided. Southern states began to think about seceding, or leaving the Union and forming their own nation. • Abraham Lincoln was elected President of the United States in 1860. He opposed slavery. After his election, South Carolina voted to leave the Union (secede). Alabama seceded on January 11, 1861.

4. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 1 THE CONFEDERATE GOVERNMENT • On February 4, 1861, delegates from southern states met in Montgomery to organize a new nation. Alabama’s capital became the 1st capital of the Confederate States of America. • 11 states were eventually part of the Confederacy • The delegates wrote a constitution and elected Mississippi senator, Jefferson Davis, as president. • Davis was inaugurated on the steps of the Alabama capitol. Today there is a large bronze star where he stood to be sworn in as president of the Confederacy. • Today the house where Davis and his wife Varina lived is located across from the capitol. It was moved from its original location near the Alabama River.

5. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 1 Montgomery: Capital of the Confederacy • The Confederate states decided to meet in Montgomery because it was a central location. It was also a center of strong support for the South and the Confederacy. Montgomery’s population doubled after the Confederate government came to town. • The new Confederate government wanted to fly a flag over the Alabama capitol before Lincoln became president, so they created a committee to select a new flag. • They selected a design known as “the Stars and Bars”. It was made of wool and sewn in Montgomery.. It had only 7 stars because at that time there were only 7 states in the CSA (Confederate States of America). This was not the same flag as the famous Confederate battle flag we know of today. • When Virginia seceded, some people wanted the capital moved there because it was near Washington D.C. and had good railroads. It was also the home of the nation’s founding father, George Washington. • Secretly, the Confederate congress met and voted to make Richmond, Virginia, the capital, and voted to meet there on July 21, 1861.

6. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 1 Lesson Review Questions (page 145) • Why did most southerners believe that slavery was necessary? • Why did southern states oppose a tariff? • Why did northern states disagree with the idea of states’ rights? • Where was Abraham Lincoln born? • Who was the 1st president of the Confederacy? • What was the 1st capital of the Confederacy?

7. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 1 ANSWERS (pages 141-145) • Most southerners believed that slavery was necessary because planters felt that only slavery could provide enough labor to make agriculture profitable. • Southern states opposed a tariff because they feared it would raise the cost of imported goods and worried that the North would begin to tax their exported products, especially cotton. • Northern states disagreed with the idea of states’ rights because they believed that all U.S. citizens had to obey federal laws. • Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky, which was a slave state. • The 1st president of the Confederacy was Jefferson Davis. • The 1st capital of the Confederacy was Montgomery Alabama.

8. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 1 ACTIVITY 1. Imagine that you were on the committee to design a new flag for the Confederate States of America and discuss with your group all the ideas and beliefs of the southern states. 2. Your group will be given a piece of paper. Fold it in half (hamburger style) and label the left side “The Confederate Flag” and the right side “Symbols and Explanation”. 3.Complete the left side by using all space given to design a confederate flag. This must be original and creative. On the right side, explain what each symbol and color means. Your explanation must be specific and demonstrate your group’s knowledge of what southerners actually believed during this time period.

9. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 2 • When the Confederacy began to form a government, they designed a currency (form of money) and began building an army and navy. Because there were no factories in the south that made weapons, they had to begin building them. • Many men went off to war. Alabamians were confident that the war wouldn’t last long…but they were wrong! • Neither side really wanted war or to fire the 1st shot, but when southerners demanded a surrender from the northerners at Fort Sumter and they refused, Confederate troops fired. On April 13, 1861, the South fired upon the American flag and the Civil War began. • People even disagreed on what to call the war-War of Northern Agression (South), Mr. Lincoln’s War (South), War of the Rebellion (North), War for the Union (North), War Between the States, the Civil War (Historians gave this name even though there was nothing “Civil” about it).

10. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 2 North’s Advantages • double the amount of people • more industry and manufacturing • more railroads • had ships and a navy that could blockade southern ports • could raise a large army • was well established • had banks with gold reserves • grew more food (South mainly grew cotton and tobacco) • the South had many slave soldiers which may revolt and fight against the South • some Unionists (people supporting the Union) lived in the South

11. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 2 South’s Advantages • most battles were fought on southern land, so southerners were fighting for their homes and on familiar land • southern boys often attended military schools

12. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 2 Alabama in the War • Alabama played a very important role in the Confederate war effort. Alabama sent approximately 90,000 men and boys to serve in the Confederate armies. • Many Alabamians (including women) became heroes: • Emma Sansom-showed Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest where to cross Black Creek to catch federal raiders. • Juliet Opie Hopkins- left her home in Mobile to go to the Virginia front and establish hospitals to nurse wounded men. • Kate Cummings-went to the Shiloh battlefield in Mississippi as a nurse.

13. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 2 • Alabama regiments did win a few battles, but many soldiers met death on the battlefields throughout the war. • The greatest number of lives were lost during the war because of disease. Many men were wounded, hungry, and caught diseases such as typhoid, dysentery, and gangrene.

14. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 2 • Selma became a major munitions center for the Confederacy. They produced cannons, small arms, and gunpowder. • Mobile was important because its port allowed supplies to be imported with the help of blockade runners (daring men that used fast ships to slip around the northern ships and bring in guns, medicines, and other needed supplies). Eventually, the north was able to stop the runners and also prevent cotton from being shipped to England.

15. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 2 • During war, life was very hard for everyone. Things that were imported from other placed were greatly missed (sewing needles, salt, coffee, sugar, shoes, and cloth). • Women had to learn to make hats from leaves, reuse old clothing, spin and weave clothing, dye fabrics with plants, make black shoe polish, knit socks and sweaters, and knit blankets for soldiers. Eventually, the Confederate could no longer give uniforms to its soldiers. • When men left to fight in the war, women and children were left alone. Planters who owned a large amount of land did not have to leave their plantation to fight in the war so that the slaves wouldn’t rebel and leave the plantation. • A rich man could pay a man to go and serve in the army in his place.

16. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 2 • In 1862, the Confederate government began to force men into the army (a draft). By 1863, the war was not as popular as it had been in 1861. Food supplies were running out and life was difficult. • President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. This freed all slaves. This may have weakened the South’s war effort. • Blacks fought in the Civil War on both sides. Free blacks and runaway slaves joined the Union army and navy. In the South, some slaves went to fight as servants for their masters. Some former slaves gave aid to northern troops when they invaded Alabama.

17. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 2 Lesson Review Questions (page 163) • Who fired the 1st shot in the Civil War? • What advantages did the North have when the Civil War began? • What were some of the items southerners had to do without during the Civil War? • How did the war affect the lives of southern women and children?

18. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 2 ANSWERS • The South fired the 1st shot in the Civil War on Fort Sumter. • Some of the North’s advantages when the Civil War began were more soldiers, more manufacturing and industry, more railroads, an army and navy, more gold reserves, and more food supplies. • Some of the items southerners had to do without during the Civil War were coffee, sugar, salt, sewing needles, new shoes, and cloth. • The war affected the lives of southern women and children by leaving them alone on plantations and farms in Alabama.

19. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 2 FROM THE HOMEFRONT • Women who had slaves to work on their farms had food to eat, but many other women and children had a difficult time raising enough food. • The men in the army were constantly worrying about their families back home. They wrote letters telling their wives to depend on their trusted slaves, raise all the food they could, and not to spend any money. • If there were no slaves at home, many men would send their wives and children to live with parents or other family members.

20. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 2 • As the war continued into its 3rd year, many people were starving in Alabama. Store supplies were sold out, gold coins and federal money had disappeared, confederate money wasn’t worth very much, so people had to barter (trade) to get what they needed. • Alabama countryside was unsafe. Confederate deserters rode the roads in gangs, Confederate troops would demand supplies, Federal troops invaded on a few occasions, and Union raiders would cut railroad lines, destroy iron furnaces, and disrupt society.

21. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 2 The Battle of Mobile Bay • August 1864, Admiral David G. Farragut(U.S. navy) guided his flagship, the Hartford, and 18 other ships between the guns of Fort Gaines and Fort Morgan and into Mobile Bay. • Inside Mobile Bay, his men met the Confederate forces led by Admiral Franklin Buchannan in command of the Tennessee. • The Hartford(Union ship) was wooden and the Tennessee (Confederate ship) was an ironclad ship that was designed to withstand cannon fire. The Confederate (South) forces were outnumbered but fought until the Tennessee’s smokestack and steering gear were destroyed. • The North now controlled Mobile Bay, but they didn’t have enough troops to capture the city of Mobile until the following Spring.

22. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 2 Wilson’s Raid • March 1865, General James H. Wilson (Union) led 3 Calvary divisions, 15,000 troops, in one last raid into Alabama. • He crossed the Tennessee River and moved south to Jasper, then went to Elyton(Jefferson County county seat), sent another group to Tuscaloosa to burn the University of Alabama and furnaces, rode south through Montevallo, and then headed to Selma to destroy the naval arsenal and Confederate manufacturing there. • Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest was in charge of defending Selma against Wilson and his men. General Forrest had about 3,000 poorly armed and untrained men to defend the city. • Wilson’s troops (Union) had new repeating rifles that could be fired 7 times before reloading. The Confederate troops had single shot rifles that had to be reloaded each time they were fired. TURN and TALK to your group members and make a prediction based on the information you have just learned. What do you think happened in Selma?

23. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 2 Wilson’s Raid • Forrest and his men were not able to hold off the Union forces. Selma was captured by Wilson! As Wilson moved toward Montgomery, he learned that Richmond had also been captured and the leading Confederate general, Robert E. Lee, had surrendered to U.S. general Ulysses S. Grant. • The surrender was signed at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia on April 9, 1865. • The war was almost over…but there was 1 battle left.

24. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 2 The Battle of Blakeley: The Last Major Battle of the War • April 9, 1865, 13,000 Union troops under General Frederick Steele marched the heavily fortified fort on the Tensaw River near Mobile, Fort Blakeley. Along with Spanish Fort, Blakeley was one of the reasons the Union forces had not been able to take over Mobile. Once these forts were taken over, Union troops moved into Mobile. • The Mobile garrison surrendered on May5, 1865. • The war was over, but for Alabama the next few years would be very difficult.

25. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 2 ACTIVITY 1. With a group member, partner read the article in your Alabama History Textbook on page 161. “Frances Hobbs: She Quilted Her Petticoats with Gold and Jewels” 2. After all group members have read the article, discuss the events that occurred in this article about Frances Hobbs. Also, divide her incredible story into 6 events. Your group should list these events on a sheet of notebook paper and use them to complete the next step in the activity. 3.Each student will receive a strip of paper. Fold the paper so that there are 6 boxes. Outline these 6 boxes by drawing lines with your pencil. You will be creating a comic strip displaying the incredible act of bravery demonstrated by Frances Hobbs. In each box, you will draw a major event in Frances Hobbs’ story. These events must be in sequential order and must not include any words, except examples of onomatopoeia (sound words). Color your illustrations. 4.On the back of each box, write at least 1 sentence telling what event is being shown in the picture. Your comic strip should tell Frances Hobbs’ story from beginning to end.

26. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 Lesson 2 ACTIVITY (Example) ON BACK: In 1865, rumors spread about a Union raid and Frances Hobbs heard horror tales and was determined to save her family jewelry business. 1. With a group member, partner read the article in your Alabama History Textbook on page 161. 2. After all group members have read the article, discuss the events that occurred in this article about Frances Hobbs. Also, divide her incredible story into 6 events. Your group should list these events on a sheet of notebook paper and use them to complete the next step in the activity. 3.Each student will receive a strip of paper. Fold the paper so that there are 6 boxes. Outline these 6 boxes by drawing lines with your pencil. You will be creating a comic strip displaying the incredible act of bravery demonstrated by Frances Hobbs. In each box, you will draw a major event in Frances Hobbs’ story. These events must be in sequential order and must not include any words, except examples of onomatopoeia (sound words). Color your illustrations. 4.On the back of each box, write at least 1 sentence telling what event is being shown in the picture. Your comic strip should tell Frances Hobbs’ story from beginning to end.

27. Alabama at War :Conflict between the North and SouthChapter 5 CumulativeACTIVITY- ABC Summary 1. Think about all the events, people, and places that we discussed in Chapter 5 . On your ABC Summary sheet, fill in each box with an event, person, or place that we discussed in Chapter 5 for each letter.