Bio-hydro-atmosphere interactions of Energy, Aerosols, Carbon, H 2 O, Organics and Nitrogen

1. BEACHON Project Alex Guenther Earth and Sun Systems Laboratory National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder CO USA Bio-hydro-atmosphere interactions of Energy, Aerosols, Carbon, H2O, Organics and Nitrogen

2. Motivation for the BEACHON Project • The earth system is changing • Need to predict changes and their impacts on time scales of months to years • Requires understanding of the coupling of energy, water, carbon and biogeochemical cycles in a multi-scale framework. • Requires modeling, observations and process studies • Sensitivity of water-limited landscapes

3. is prominent in the NCAR 2006 strategic plan • is prominent in the NSF-GEO strategic plan and emphasis on Emerging Topics in Biogeochemical Cycles • is recognized by international scientific organizations including IGBP-iLEAPS and WCRP-GEWEX The importance of Bio-hydro-atmosphere interactions of Energy, Aerosols, Carbon, H2O, Organics and Nitrogen • There widespread recognition that this research area is important but there are major challenges associated with organizing and funding the efforts that are required to address the key scientific questions

4. How does the atmosphere respond to changes in the biosphere? Are there significant interactions and feedbacks? How does the biosphere respond to the atmosphere?

5. BEACHON will initially focus on water-limited ecosystems in the Southern Rocky Mountains and compare and contrast with other ecosystems Tropical rainforest ecosystems: High annual precipitation but often have water-limited dry season High annual biosphere-atmosphere exchange rates High rates of landcover change Water-limited ecosystems: Greatest response to changes in precipitation Cover half of the earth’s surface Fast growing population centers

6. Bio-hydro-atmosphere interactions of Energy, Aerosols, Carbon, H2O, Organics and Nitrogen Atmosphere Cloud processes Organic aerosol processes Photo-oxidant processes Biological particles and VOC emissions H2O CO2 NOyNH3 Latent and sensible heat NO/NH3 emission Carbon Cycle Water & Energy Cycles Nitrogen Cycle Precipitation and solar radiation Ozone and N deposition Water-limited Biosphere Disturbances: Agriculture Insect outbreaks

7. Parameterization Parameterization Leaf and Plant Scale Studies: Quantify response to temperature, solar radiation, soil moisture Global Earth System Model BEACHON Approach: A Regional Focus Regional biogeochemical and hydrological field measurements and modeling in water-limited landscapes and other globally important ecosystems Canopy and Boundary Layer Studies: vertical flux and profile measurements. Models: MALTE (detailed 1D), LES, WRF-LES Regional Scale Studies: Observations: aircraft, satellite, networks Models: WRF-CHEM, NCRM Upscaling and Downscaling modeling techniques

8. Within a Multi-scale Framework Leaf/soil scale:laboratory and chamber observations Develop model algorithms Canopy and boundary layer scale:tower, balloon, radar observations MALTE (1D), LES, WRF-LES modeling Regional scale Aircraft, satellite, regional network observations WRF-CHEM modeling Global scale: global network, satellite observations Global Earth System modeling bridging to the global scale

9. BEACHON Regional scale modeling: WRF-CHEM Chemistry Emission and deposition Hydrology Biology Weather

10. BEACHON Regional scale measurements • Airborne measurements • Energy, CO2, H2O, trace gas and aerosol fluxes • Clouds, atmospheric composition • Landcover characteristics, soil moisture • Regional networks of long term measurements: • Rocky Raccoon network (CO2 measurements) • Flux towers • Eco-hydrological observatories • Satellite measurements • Clouds, atmospheric composition • Landcover characteristics, soil moisture

11. Quantifying regional biosphere-atmosphere exchange using airborne platforms U. Wyoming King Air twin engine aircraft Duke U. HOP Bell Helicopter Purdue U. ALAR Duchess twin engine aircraft

12. Duke Helicopter Observation Platform (HOP) for quantifying regional biosphere-atmosphere exchange Hovering The sampling inlet in front of the helicopter nose is in disturbed airflow when hovering but is in undisturbed airflow when moving forward at > 20 m/s. Duke HOP currently has CO2, H2O and energy flux measurement systems. BEACHON is supporting the development of VOC, O3, NOy, and particle flux systems Disturbed airflow Moving Disturbed airflow Avissar et al.

13. BEACHON integration of modeling and measurements Short-term surface-to-cloud scale studies LES and 1-D modeling Satellite observations Airplane and helicopter observations of fluxes and atmos. composition Driving variables RADAR/LIDAR observations of clouds/aerosol Regional and global earth system modeling Model parameterization Below, within and above canopy observations of energy, aerosols, carbon, water, organics, nitrogen fluxes Model evaluation Long-term regional observational networks Ecological and hydrological observations

14. BEACHON Science Themes Atmospheric composition and processes: CO2, clouds, aerosol, reactive gases Precipitation variability Bio-atmosphere exchanges of energy, aerosols, carbon, water, organics, nitrogen Ecohydrological disturbances Ecosystem structure and processes

15. BEACHON Field Studies • May/June 2007: contribution to CHATS (California) • Feb 2008: contribution to LBA AMAZE (Amazon) • July-September 2008: BEACHON SRM08 (Colorado) • Summer 2009 - 2011: long-term measurements, ground and airborne intensives (Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico)

16. May/June 2007 BEACHON contribution to CHATS(Canopy Horizontal Array Turbulence Study) Chemistry Biology Micrometeorology NCAR TIIMES/ACD/MMM/EOL, Duke U., WSU, UC Davis participants

17. Methyl Salicylate (MeSA): chemical formula is similar to asprin BEACHON-CHATS findings: Plant Signaling Compounds MeSA Induces organism-wide enhanced defense against pathogen infections (Park et al. 2007). Scientists had looked for this signal for > 50 years but missed it because it is airborne. Sensing plant stress at the canopy scale MeSAwas a major canopy-scale BVOC emission from this walnut plantation indicating its importance for both the biosphere and the atmosphere. Emissions appear to respond to temperature extremes and drought (Karl et al. Biogeosci. 2008).

18. Methyl salicylate emissions respond to water and temperature stress Karl et al. MeSA is the dominant semi-volatile VOC emission from this canopy and may be a significant source of secondary organic aerosol and could explain some of the “missing” SOA Irrigation Off Irrigation On Daily Maximum Temperature – Daily Minimum Temperature

19. BEACHON contributions to LBA-AMAZE: seasonal variations in biogenic VOC emissions Isoprene Wet Season (lower LAI, light and temperature) Dry Season Monoterpenes Why are emissions lower in the dry season?

20. BEACHON contributions to LBA-AMAZE: Trace gas variations with height Isoprene and monoterpenes are emitted from the canopy Sesquiterpenes are emitted at ground level Height (m) Concentration (ppb) sesquiterpene isoprene monoterpene As expected, ozone is deposited to the canopy and NO is emitted from soils

21. BEACHON SRM08 Manitou Experimental Forest, Colorado 4. RADAR and optical obs. of cloud distributions and characteristics 3. Release sonde measurements of boundary layer structure 1. Tower flux measurements: VOC, NOy and particle flux (response to precipitation) Linking biogenic aerosol, clouds and precipitation Primary and secondary particles 2. Oxidant and aerosol characteristics and processing 5. Hydrological and ecological observations of response to precipitation

22. BEACHON SRM08 Manitou Experimental Forest, Colorado Ponderosa Pine Woodland Over 60 Participants from NCAR TIIMES/ACD/MMM/EOL/RAL, Wash. State U., Colo. State U., Colo. College, U. Colo.-Boulder, U. Colo.-Denver, Texas A&M, U. New Hampshire, U. Minnesota, U. Idaho, Cornell U., Oregon H.S. Univ., US Forest Service, US EPA, Los Alamos NL, Tokyo Metro. Univ. (Japan), U. Innsbruck (Austria), U. Paul Sabatier (France)

23. BEACHON SRM08 Manitou Experimental Forest, Colorado • BEACHON supported long-term infrastructure: • 30 m walk-up tower • 4 mobile laboratories with trace gas and aerosol analyzers • Power: 400 Amps • Broadband internet • K-band radar • eco-hydrological sensors • Preliminary findings: • frequent particle formation events • generally remarkably clean air- with occasional pollution events • biogenic VOC emissions respond to precipitation

24. 1. Eco-hydrological Disturbance Study: The impact of eco-hydrological disturbances on the land surface processes controlling regional water and biogeochemical cycles 2. Regional Biogeochemical Cycling Study: Constrain regional estimates of water, carbon, nitrogen and energy fluxes across a semi-arid climatic gradient 3. Landscape Heterogeneity Study: The role of landscape heterogeneity in regulating the surface-atmosphere exchanges that influence water and biogeochemical cycles 4. Bioaerosol Study: The role of biogenic aerosol in regulating biogeochemical and water cycles FoSTER Eco-hydro-atmo observatory proposed by U. Wyo. WYOMING Regional Disturbance study and Regional Biogeochemical Cycling study Laramie Landscape Heterogeneity Study USFS Fraser Exp. Forest Denver CU Niwot Ridge and Boulder Creek observatories Colorado Springs USFS Manitou Exp. Forest Bioaerosol study COLORADO NEW MEXICO UNM, UA, LANL Jemez Mtns eco-hydro-atmo observatory Santa Fe Albuquerque 2009-2011 BEACHON SRM studies

25. http://www.tiimes.ucar.edu/beachon/ • Transformative Research • Ecohydrological response to precipitation variability • Bioaerosol-Cloud-Water interactions • Carbon-Nitrogen-Water coupling • Ecohydrological disturbances • Interdisciplinary • Atmospheric Chemistry • Meteorological sciences • Climate sciences • Biological sciences • Hydrological sciences • Integrative • Leaf, canopy, landscape, regional, global scales • Observations and modeling • Education and outreach BEACHON