Gender Beliefs and Quality of Friendships Amongst Adolescents in Urban India Karla Herrera

1. Gender Beliefs and Quality of Friendships Amongst Adolescents in Urban India Karla Herrera Department of Applied Psychology, New York University INTRODUCTION REGRESSION RESULTS SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS • As children enter adolescence, friendships form a core component of their development (Way & Pahl, 2001; Way & Greene, 2006). • Friendships are defined as intimate connections associated with trust, help, companionship, closeness and security (Bukowski, Hoza, & Bovin, 1994). • Delhi is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. • Population: more than 12.25 million inhabitants. • Largest commercial center in northern India. FRIENDSHIPS IN ADOLESCENCE • The data for the present study were drawn from the first wave of a longitudinal study (N = 255)conducted by Taveeshi Gupta and Dr. Niobe Way in New Delhi, India. • 46.7% of the participants were male, and participants had a mean age of 11.86 (SD = .50). • 21.2% of the adolescents were from government-funded schools, 20.4% were from low SES private schools; 34.9% were from middle SES schools, and the remaining 23.5% were from high SES schools. • Boys’ and girls’ quality of friendship is influenced by the prevailing gender norms that exist in their culture (Brown & Gilligan, 1992; Santos, 2010; Way, 2011). • Gender norms dictate the way individuals behave in their relationships. • Masculine norms, especially in patriarchal cultures, might prevent young men and women from developing high quality friendships particularly because these norms (such as autonomy) expect people to disconnect from relationships in the first place (Way, 2011). GENDER NORMS Note: a Male is the reference group ***p < .001 • Results indicated that adhering to gender-typed masculine behaviors was associated with poor quality of friendship. • Findings also indicated that there was no moderation effect of gender of friend on the relation between gender-typed behaviors and quality of friendship. PROCEDURE AND MEAUSURES • In July and August 2010, participants were asked, during school hours, to fill out a survey regarding school life, friendships and home life. • Few researchers have examined quality of friendships across different cultures (Hirsch & DuBois, 1990; Way & Greene, 2006). • The current study explored the quality of friendship among young adolescents in urban India. • In India, there are explicit gender norms dictating appropriate behaviors for boys and girls. Deviations from these norms are not readily accepted. Very little is known about the ways in which these gender norms might influence friendship quality among adolescents. • There are also marked socio-economic and caste differences in how individuals relate to one another. The presence of a “peer culture,” for instance, is more apparent among middle and upper class Indian adolescents (Verma & Saraswathi, 2002). DISCUSSION INDIA • Like much of the previous literature (e.g., Way, 1995; Way & Greene, 2006), results of the present study showed: • that girls experienced higher levels of quality of friendship than did boys. • that boys adhered to masculine gender-typed behaviors more so than did girls. • With regards to friendship quality, children who adhered more strongly to gender-typed masculine behaviors experienced lower friendship quality. • These findings corroborate those of previous studies (Gupta et al., in press; Santos, 2010; Way, 2011) showing that adolescents who are raised to adhere to masculine gender-typed behaviors not only experience negative friendship quality but also report lower levels of quality of life (Way, 2011). • It is, thus, possible that societal masculine gender norms require both young men and women to behave in ways that do not align with what individuals need to develop closeness, security, and intimacy (Brown & Gilligan, 1992). • Results of this study indicate that, despite globalization trends and the westernization of India (especially in urban areas), traditional gender norms are still upheld and permeate the relationships of the younger generation (Bhogle, 1999). • Findings of this and other U.S. studies document the pervasive nature of the “connection crisis” (Way, 2011) young men and women are experiencing across the world. • Thus, the present study underscores the importance of international research as they provide a more holistic picture of adolescent's social and emotional development. This is particularly important in answering the call of the missing 95% in psychological research (Arnett, 2008). RESEARCH QUESTIONS & HYPOTHESES RQ 1: DESCRIPTIVE RESULTS *** *** ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Figure 1. Means for Quality of Friendship and Gender-Typed Masculine Behaviors • I would like thank Taveeshi Gupta for guiding me through this process and helping me become a “resistor.” I would also like to thank Dr. NiobeWay; her work has guided me and opened up my eyes in more ways than I could ever imagine. Last, but not least, I would like to thank Dr. GiglianaMelzi and Kristin Lees, for this project would not have been possible without their help and support. • Boys adhered more strongly to gender-typed masculine behavior than did girls, t(249) = 4.706, p < .001) • Boys experienced lower quality of friendship than did girls, t(250) = -4.165, p < .001. • No significant social class differences for gender-typed masculine behaviors or quality of friendship were found. GENDER OF FRIENDS QUALITY OF FRIENDSHIP GENDER TYPED MASCULINE BEHAVIOR CONTACT INFORMATION Karla Herrera: kvr218@nyu.edu