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The Endocrine System

The Endocrine System. Michael McKenna Lou Maselli Brendan Quinn. May 2014. What is it?. Includes all of the glands of the body Glands produce hormones Helps stabilize the body; homeostasis, cellular metabolism, sexual development, digestion, and heart rate. Pituitary Gland.

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The Endocrine System

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  1. The Endocrine System Michael McKenna Lou Maselli Brendan Quinn May 2014

  2. What is it? • Includes all of the glands of the body • Glands produce hormones • Helps stabilize the body; homeostasis, cellular metabolism, sexual development, digestion, and heart rate

  3. Pituitary Gland • “Master Gland” • Pea-sized piece of tissue located on the inferior portion of the hypothalamus • Surrounding blood vessels carry hormones throughout the body • Posterior: • Nervous tissue • Neurosecretory cells in the tissue produce two hormones: • Oxytocin- contractions during child birth & release of breast milk • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)- prevents water loss & reduces blood flow to sweat glands

  4. Pituitary Gland Cont. • Anterior: • Releases and inhibits hormones (six) of the hypothalamus: • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)- stimulation of thyroid gland • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- stimulation of adrenal cortex • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)- stimulation of follicle cells (gonads) for production of gametes • Luteinizing hormone (LH)- stimulation of the gonads for production of sex hormones • Human growth hormone (HGH)- stimulation of growth, repair, and reproduction of cells all over the body • Prolactin (PRL)- stimulates the mammary glands for production of breast milk

  5. Hypothalamus • Part of the brain, located anterior and superior to the brain stem, and inferior to thalamus • Controls the nervous system • Produces the hormones: • TRH • GHRH • GHIH • GnRH • CRH • Oxytocin • ADH

  6. Pineal Gland • Pinecone shaped mass of tissue • Located posterior to the thalamus in the brain • Produces melatonin to regulate the sleep cycle • Is activated when photoreceptors in the retina receive light in low light & dark conditions • Increased production = drowsy

  7. Thyroid Gland • Butterfly shaped mass • Located at the base of the neck • Produces three major hormones: • Calcitonin- released when calcium levels in the blood have risen • Triiodothyronine (T3)- helps regulate the body’s metabolism • Thyroxine (T4)- helps regulate the body’s metabolism • T3 and T4 both work together to adjust the body’s metabolic rate; increased levels leads to increased energy usage throughout the body

  8. Parathyroid Glands • Four small oval masses of tissue • Located on the posterior side of the thyroid gland • Releases a parathyroid hormone (PTH) • PTH- calcium ion homeostasis; helps stabilize the calcium levels in the blood by stimulating osteoclasts to break down calcium containing bone matrix; this calcium is then released into the blood stream

  9. Adrenal Glands • A pair of triangular glands located superior to the kidneys • Constructed of two distinct layers: • Adrenal Cortex: outer layer of adrenal glands; produces cortical hormones • Glucocorticoids- breakdown proteins and lipids to produce glucose as well as reduce inflammation and dictate an immune response • Mineralocorticoids- regulate the concentration of mineral ions in the body • Androgens- regulate the growth of cells that are receptive to hormones produced by males in the testes

  10. Adrenal Glands Cont. • Adrenal Medulla: inner layer of the adrenal glands; produces two hormones • Epinephrine- adrenaline; hormone and neurotransmitter that is released during a time of stress; “fight or flight” response • Norepinephrine- similar to epinephrine; hormone released when stressed; cognitive alertness • These hormones affect the heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, and help the body respond when in a high anxiety situation

  11. Pancreas • Large gland located in the abdominal region • Alpha and Beta cells that are produced here contribute to the process/production of glucose and glucagon • Alpha cells- production of glucagon which helps raise blood glucose levels; glucagon triggers a release of glucose into the bloodstream • Beta cells- production of insulin which helps lower blood glucose levels; insulin triggers the absorption of glucose

  12. Thymus • Triangular organ located in the thoracic cavity anterior to the parathyroid glands • More apart of the immune system than the endocrine • Helps with the development of T-cells

  13. Gonads • Responsible for the production of sex hormones in the body • Ovaries in females and testes in males

  14. Ovaries • Pair of oval shaped glands located in the pelvic cavity of a female • Responsible for: • Estrogen- sex hormones; uterine development, breast development, growth of pubic hair, growth of bones (during puberty) • Progesterone- sex hormones; active during ovulation and pregnancy; implantation of the fertilized egg in the uterus • Production of egg cells

  15. Testes • Pair of ellipsoid organs found outside of the body in the scrotum • Responsible for: • Testosterone- body hair, facial hair, production of sperm, growth of muscles, growth of sex organs, growth of bones, changes in voice

  16. Endocrine System Video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVrlHH14q3o

  17. Sites Used • http://www.innerbody.com/image/endoov.html • http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-760-Pregnancy+Hormone+PROGESTERONE.aspx?activeIngredientId=760&activeIngredientName=Pregnancy+Hormone+(PROGESTERONE)&source=0 • http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ • http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/body_basics/endocrine.html • http://www.livescience.com/26496-endocrine-system.html

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